Synergistic paraffinic oil and boscalid fungicides

ABSTRACT

Fungicidal compositions comprising a paraffinic oil and 2-chloro-N-(4′-chloro[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide (boscalid) are provided. The fungicidal compositions may further comprise a pigment. The fungicidal compositions may be provided as oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions which may be used for controlling fungal disease, such as dollar spot or bentgrass dead spot or bermudagrass dead spot, in plants, such as turfgrasses. Methods of applying the fungicidal compositions are also provided.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.13/821,808 filed May 31, 2013, which is a U.S. National Phaseapplication of International Patent Application No. PCT/CA2011/001018filed Sep. 9, 2011, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 61/381,179 filed Sep. 9, 2010, all of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD

The invention relates to fungicidal compositions comprising a paraffinicoil and a heterocyclic aromatic C₁₈H₁₂Cl₂N₂O compound, and methods forusing such compositions on plants, including methods of formulatingoil-in-water (O/W) emulsions containing the fungicidal compositions.

BACKGROUND

Grasses are often planted and maintained to provide aestheticallypleasing or recreationally useful groundcover for an area of land, whichmay be called a lawn, turf, pitch, field or green depending on thecontext. It is common to refer to the species of grasses that aremaintained in this way as turfgrasses. Turfgrass care and maintenancehas a rich horticultural tradition, reflecting in part the rich varietyof pathologies that affect turfgrasses (see, for example, Walsh, B. etal., HortScience, 34, 1999, 13-21).

Dollar spot, thought to be caused by the fungal pathogen Sclerotiniahomoeocarpa, is a common disease affecting turfgrass species, withsymptoms that vary according to species and management practices.Characteristic symptoms of dollar spot infection include bleached,circular patches, with patches sometimes occurring in clusters,particularly on grasses cut short, such as golf course fairways, tees,and greens.

A number of management practices are known for controlling dollar spotdisease in turfgrasses, including managing leaf wetness, or preventingmoisture or nitrogen stress. Fungicides are also available forcontrolling dollar spot. For example, the use of the fungicide boscalidfor controlling dollar spot disease in turfgrasses has been reported,with boscalid sometimes described as the first fungicide from thecarboxamide active ingredient class (one of a class of compoundsdescribed in European Patent No. 545099). Boscalid is thought to be asystemic fungicide, acting as an inhibitor of respiration within thefungal cell (CAS No. 188425-85-6; Synonyms:2-chloro-N-(4′-chloro[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-nicotinamide;2-chloro-N-(4′-chloro[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide;2-chloro-N-(4′-chloro-2-biphenylyl)nicotinamide;2-chloro-N-(4′-chlorobiphenyl-2-yl)-nicotinamide;2-chloro-N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)phenyl]-pyridine-3-carboxamide; Nicobifen;2-chloro-N-(4μ-chloro-2-biphenylyl)nicotinamide; Molecular Formula:C₁₈H₁₂Cl₂N₂O), having the following structure:

Boscalid has been made available in a number of commercial formulations,for example from the BASF Corporation under the names Endura™ orPristine™ or Emerald™.

In an alternative approach to conventional chemical fungicides,oil-in-water emulsions comprising paraffinic oils and paraffinic sprayoils have been used for controlling turfgrass pests (see, for example,Canadian Patent Application 2,472,806 and Canadian Patent Application2,507,482). In addition, oil-in-water formulations comprising paraffinicoils and a pigment for controlling turfgrass pests have been reported(see, for example, WO 2009/155693). For example, Petro-Canada producesCIVITAS™, a broad spectrum fungicide and insecticide for use on golfcourse turf and landscape ornamentals, used for example to controlpowdery mildew, adelgids and webworms on landscape ornamentals (US EPAREG. NO. 69526-13). Product labeling indicates that CIVITAS™ may beapplied as part of an alternating spray program or in tank mixes withother turf and ornamental protection products; and that CIVITAS™ may beused as a preventative treatment with curative properties for thecontrol of many important diseases on turf, including fairways androughs.

The combined use of formulations comprising paraffinic oils, pigment andother conventional chemical fungicides has also been reported fortreating turfgrass pests, including fungicides such as demethylationinhibitors (e.g., propiconazole), methyl benzimidazole carbamate (e.g.,thiophanate-methyl), and dicarboxamides (e.g., iprodione), see, forexample, WO 2009/155693.

SUMMARY

In various embodiments, there is provided a fungicidal compositioncomprising an emulsifier, a paraffinic oil, and2-chloro-N-(4′-chloro[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide(boscalid). In selected embodiments, the paraffinic oil and boscalid maybe present in amounts that are synergistically effective when applied toa plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In a furtherembodiment, there is provided a use of the composition for controlling afungal pathogen on a plant. In another embodiment, there is provided amethod of controlling a fungal pathogen of a plant, the methodcomprising applying to the plant a composition comprising an emulsifierand a paraffinic oil, in combination with boscalid. In selectedembodiments, the paraffinic oil and boscalid may be applied in amountsthat are synergistically effective for controlling the fungal pathogen.In selected embodiments, the method may further comprise mixing theparaffinic oil, the emulsifier, and boscalid before applying thecomposition to the plant. Compositions of the invention may beformulated as oil-in-water emulsions for application.

In selected embodiments, the paraffinic oil may comprise a paraffinhaving a number of carbon atoms ranging from about 12 to about 50. Inalternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil may comprise a paraffinhaving a number of carbon atoms ranging from about 16 to about 35. Inselected embodiments, the paraffinic oil may comprise a paraffin havingan average number of carbon atoms of about 23. In alternativeembodiments, the paraffinic oil may have a paraffin content of at leastabout 80%. In selected embodiments, the paraffinic oil may have aparaffin content of at least about 90%. In alternative embodiments, theparaffinic oil may have a paraffin content of at least about 99%.

In another embodiment, the composition may further comprise a pigmentand a silicone surfactant. In selected embodiments, the pigment may be apolychlorinated (Cu II) phthalocyanine. In alternative embodiments, theemulsifier may comprise a natural or synthetic alcohol ethoxylate, analcohol alkoxylate, an alkyl polysaccharide, a glycerol oleate, apolyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer, an alkyl phenolethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, a polyethylene glycol, a sorbitanfatty acid ester ethoxylate, or a combination thereof. In selectedembodiments, the emulsifier may comprise a natural or synthetic alcoholethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, a sorbitan fatty acid ester, or acombination thereof, and the composition may further comprise apolyethylene glycol according to formula IV:R¹—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(f)—R²wherein R¹═H or CH₂═CH—CH₂ or COCH₃; R²═H or CH₂═CH—CH₂ or COCH₃; andf≧1.

In selected embodiments, the fungal pathogen may be at least one of afungus that causes dollar spot in turfgrass and a fungus that causesbentgrass dead spot or bermudagrass dead spot in a turfgrass. Inalternative embodiments, the fungal pathogen may be a fungus thatblights leaf tissue in a turfgrass. In selected embodiments, the fungalpathogen may be a fungus that causes dollar spot in a turfgrass. Inselected embodiments, the fungal pathogen may be Sclerotiniahomoeocarpa. In selected embodiments, the fungal pathogen may be afungus that causes bentgrass dead spot or bermudagrass dead spot in aturfgrass. In alternative embodiments, the fungal pathogen may beOphiosphaerella agrostis. In selected embodiments, the turfgrass and theplant may independently be one or more of: bentgrass, bluegrass,ryegrass, fescue, bermudagrass, bahiagrass, zoysia, beachgrass,wheatgrass, or carpetgrass. In alternative embodiments, the turfgrassand the plant may independently be one or more of: bentgrass, colonialbentgrass, perennial ryegrass, annual ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass,common bermudagrass, hybrid bermudagrass, annual bluegrass, seashorepaspalum, St. Augustinegrass, tall fescue, bahiagrass, zoysiagrass,centipedegrass, rough stalk bluegrass, buffalo grass, blue grama, orannual bentgrass. In selected embodiments, the turfgrass and the plantmay independently be one or more of: creeping bentgrass or annualbluegrass.

In alternative embodiments, boscalid may be applied to the plant at arate from about 0.02 to about 0.12 oz per 1000 square feet. In selectedembodiments, the paraffinic oil may be applied to the plant at a ratefrom about 0.9 to about 32 oz/1000 square ft. In alternativeembodiments, the paraffinic oil may be applied to the plant at a rate ofabout 8 oz/1000 square ft. In selected embodiments, the paraffinic oilmay be applied to the plant at a rate of less than about 31 oz/1000square ft.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This invention is based in part on the fortuitous discovery thatfungicidal formulations containing paraffinic oil as an active agent, incombination with the fungicide boscalid, are surprisingly effective incontrolling fungal disease, including dollar spot in turfgrasses. TheExamples illustrate that combined use of paraffinic oil with boscalidprovides an unexpected synergistic response in the control of dollarspot in turfgrass.

The paraffinic oil and boscalid may be provided as components of thesame fungicidal composition. Accordingly, in an embodiment, there isprovided a composition comprising a paraffinic oil and boscalid. Inanother embodiment, the composition may further comprise an emulsifier.In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil may be present in anamount that is synergistically effective when applied to a plant forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, boscalidmay be present in an amount that is synergistically effective whenapplied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. Inselected embodiments, the paraffinic oil and boscalid may be present inamounts that are synergistically effective when applied to a plant forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, thecomposition may be, for example, an emulsifiable concentrate containingthe paraffinic oil, boscalid, and the emulsifier, which is thereafterprepared for use as a diluted oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion.

In another embodiment, the paraffinic oil and boscalid may be used incombination with a pigment. The paraffinic oil, boscalid, and thepigment may be provided as components of the same composition.Accordingly, in an embodiment, there is provided a compositioncomprising a paraffinic oil, boscalid, and a pigment. In a furtherembodiment, the composition may further comprise an emulsifier, asilicone surfactant, or a combination thereof. In alternativeembodiments, the composition may further comprise an emulsifier. Inselected embodiments, the composition may further comprise a siliconesurfactant. In alternative embodiments, the composition may furthercomprise an emulsifier and a silicone surfactant. In an embodiment, theemulsifier may comprise a natural or synthetic alcohol ethoxylate, analcohol alkoxylate, an alkyl polysaccharide, a glycerol oleate, apolyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer, an alkyl phenolethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, a polyethylene glycol, a sorbitanfatty acid ester ethoxylate, or a combination thereof. In anotherembodiment, the composition may further comprise a polyethylene glycolof the formula IV. In another embodiment, the emulsifier may comprise anatural or synthetic alcohol ethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, asorbitan fatty acid ester, or a combination thereof, and the compositionmay further comprise a polyethylene glycol of the formula IV. Inalternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil may be present in an amountthat is synergistically effective when applied to a plant forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, boscalidmay be present in an amount that is synergistically effective whenapplied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In anembodiment, the pigment may be present in an amount that issynergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinicoil and boscalid may be present in amounts that are synergisticallyeffective when applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen ofthe plant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil and thepigment may be present in amounts that are synergistically effectivewhen applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant.In alternative embodiments, boscalid and the pigment may be present inamounts that are synergistically effective when applied to a plant forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments,the paraffinic oil, boscalid, and the pigment may be present in amountsthat are synergistically effective when applied to a plant forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, thecomposition may be, for example, an emulsifiable concentrate containingthe paraffinic oil, boscalid, the emulsifier, the pigment, and thesilicone surfactant, which is thereafter prepared for use as a dilutedoil-in-water (O/W) emulsion. In another embodiment, the composition maybe, for example, an emulsifiable concentrate containing the paraffinicoil, boscalid, the emulsifier, the pigment, the silicone surfactant andthe polyethylene glycol, which is thereafter prepared for use as adiluted oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion.

The paraffinic oil and boscalid may be provided as components ofseparate compositions. Accordingly, in an embodiment, there is provideda commercial package which comprises: a first composition comprising aparaffinic oil; and a second composition comprising boscalid. In anotherembodiment, the first and/or second compositions may further comprise anemulsifier. In an embodiment, the first composition may further comprisean emulsifier. In a further embodiment, the second composition mayfurther comprise an emulsifier. In another embodiment, the first andsecond compositions may further comprise an emulsifier. In alternativeembodiments, the paraffinic oil may be present in an amount that issynergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, boscalid may be presentin an amount that is synergistically effective when applied to a plantfor controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In selected embodiments,the paraffinic oil and boscalid may be present in amounts that aresynergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant.

The paraffinic oil, boscalid, and pigment may be provided as componentsof two compositions. Accordingly, in an embodiment, there is provided acommercial package which comprises: a first composition comprising aparaffinic oil and boscalid; and a second composition comprising apigment. In an embodiment, there is provided a commercial package whichcomprises: a first composition comprising a paraffinic oil and apigment; and a second composition comprising boscalid. In an embodiment,there is provided a commercial package which comprises: a firstcomposition comprising a paraffinic oil; and a second compositioncomprising boscalid and a pigment. In alternative embodiments, the firstand/or second compositions may further comprise an emulsifier or asilicone surfactant or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, thefirst and/or second compositions may further comprise an emulsifier. Inan embodiment, the first composition may further comprise an emulsifier.In alternative embodiments, the second composition may further comprisean emulsifier. In another embodiment, the first and second compositionsmay further comprise an emulsifier. In selected embodiments, the firstand/or second compositions may further comprise a silicone surfactant.In another embodiment, the first composition may further comprise asilicone surfactant. In another embodiment, the second composition mayfurther comprise a silicone surfactant. In alternative embodiments, thefirst and second compositions may further comprise a siliconesurfactant. In an embodiment, the emulsifier may comprise a natural orsynthetic alcohol ethoxylate, an alcohol alkoxylate, an alkylpolysaccharide, a glycerol oleate, a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropyleneblock copolymer, an alkyl phenol ethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, apolyethylene glycol, a sorbitan fatty acid ester ethoxylate, or acombination thereof. In another embodiment, the first and/or secondcompositions may further comprise a polyethylene glycol of the formulaIV. In another embodiment, the emulsifier may comprise a natural orsynthetic alcohol ethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, a sorbitan fattyacid ester, or a combination thereof, and the first and/or secondcompositions may further comprise a polyethylene glycol of the formulaIV. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil may be present in anamount that is synergistically effective when applied to a plant forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, boscalidmay be present in an amount that is synergistically effective whenapplied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In anembodiment, the pigment may be present in an amount that issynergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinicoil and boscalid may be present in amounts that are synergisticallyeffective when applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen ofthe plant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil and thepigment may be present in amounts that are synergistically effectivewhen applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant.In alternative embodiments, boscalid and the pigment may be present inamounts that are synergistically effective when applied to a plant forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments,the paraffinic oil, boscalid, and the pigment may be present in amountsthat are synergistically effective when applied to a plant forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant.

The paraffinic oil, boscalid, and the pigment may be provided ascomponents of three compositions. In an embodiment, there is provided acommercial package which comprises: a first composition comprising aparaffinic oil; a second composition comprising boscalid; and a thirdcomposition comprising a pigment. In an embodiment, the first, secondand/or third compositions may further comprise an emulsifier or asilicone surfactant or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, thefirst, second and/or third compositions may further comprise anemulsifier. In an embodiment, the first composition may further comprisean emulsifier. In another embodiment, the second composition may furthercomprise an emulsifier. In alternative embodiments, the thirdcomposition may further comprise an emulsifier. In an embodiment, thefirst and second compositions may further comprise an emulsifier. Inanother embodiment, the first and third compositions may furthercomprise an emulsifier. In a further embodiment, the second and thirdcompositions may further comprise an emulsifier. In selectedembodiments, the first, second and third compositions may furthercomprise an emulsifier. In an embodiment, the first, second and/or thirdcompositions may further comprise a silicone surfactant. In anembodiment, the first composition may further comprise a siliconesurfactant. In another embodiment, the second composition may furthercomprise a silicone surfactant. In alternative embodiments, the thirdcomposition may further comprise a silicone surfactant. In anembodiment, the first and second compositions may further comprise asilicone surfactant. In another embodiment, the first and thirdcompositions may further comprise a silicone surfactant. In a furtherembodiment, the second and third compositions may further comprise asilicone surfactant. In alternative embodiments, the first, second andthird compositions may further comprise a silicone surfactant. In anembodiment, the emulsifier may comprise a natural or synthetic alcoholethoxylate, an alcohol alkoxylate, an alkyl polysaccharide, a glycerololeate, a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer, an alkylphenol ethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, a polyethylene glycol, asorbitan fatty acid ester ethoxylate, or a combination thereof. Inanother embodiment, the first, second and/or third compositions mayfurther comprise a polyethylene glycol of the formula IV. In anotherembodiment, the emulsifier may comprise a natural or synthetic alcoholethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, a sorbitan fatty acid ester, or acombination thereof, and the first, second and/or third compositions mayfurther comprise a polyethylene glycol of the formula IV. In alternativeembodiments, the paraffinic oil may be present in an amount that issynergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, boscalid may be presentin an amount that is synergistically effective when applied to a plantfor controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, thepigment may be present in an amount that is synergistically effectivewhen applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant.In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil and boscalid may bepresent in amounts that are synergistically effective when applied to aplant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In alternativeembodiments, the paraffinic oil and the pigment may be present inamounts that are synergistically effective when applied to a plant forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments,boscalid and the pigment may be present in amounts that aresynergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinicoil, boscalid, and the pigment may be present in amounts that aresynergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant.

The first, second and/or third compositions of the commercial packagesmay be emulsifiable concentrates, which are thereafter prepared for useas a diluted oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion.

The emulsifiable concentrates may be prepared by admixing suitableamounts of the components of the emulsifiable concentrates, for example,the paraffinic oil, boscalid, pigment, emulsifier, silicone surfactantand/or polyethylene glycol, and mixing and/or applying shear until theemulsifiable concentrate is obtained. In an embodiment, there isprovided a method of preparing an emulsifiable concentrate, the methodcomprising mixing, in any order, a paraffinic oil and boscalid. Inalternative embodiments, the method may further comprise mixing, in anyorder, the paraffinic oil and boscalid with an emulsifier. Inalternative embodiments, there is provided a method of preparing anemulsifiable concentrate, the method comprising mixing, in any order, aparaffinic oil, boscalid, a pigment and a silicone surfactant. Inselected embodiments, the method may further comprise mixing, in anyorder, the paraffinic oil, boscalid, the pigment and the siliconesurfactant with an emulsifier. In alternative embodiments, the pigmentmay be dispersed in water and the emulsifier may comprise a natural orsynthetic alcohol ethoxylate, an alcohol alkoxylate, an alkylpolysaccharide, a glycerol oleate, a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropyleneblock copolymer, an alkyl phenol ethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, apolyethylene glycol, a sorbitan fatty acid ester ethoxylate, or acombination thereof. In another embodiment, the pigment may be dispersedin oil and the method may further comprise mixing, in any order, theparaffinic oil, boscalid, the pigment, the silicone surfactant, and theemulsifier with a polyethylene glycol of the formula IV. In anotherembodiment, the pigment may be dispersed in oil and the method mayfurther comprise mixing, in any order, the paraffinic oil, boscalid, thepigment, the silicone surfactant, and the emulsifier with a polyethyleneglycol of the formula IV, and the emulsifier may comprise a natural orsynthetic alcohol ethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, a sorbitan fattyacid ester, or a combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the emulsifiable concentrates may be prepared for useas separately diluted compositions. The diluted compositions may be usedsimultaneously or separately for controlling a fungal pathogen of aplant.

In another embodiment, the emulsifiable concentrates may be prepared foruse as a diluted O/W emulsion, for example, by tank mixing theemulsifiable concentrates. Accordingly, the paraffinic oil and boscalidmay be provided as components of an O/W emulsion. Accordingly, in anembodiment, there is provided a composition comprising a paraffinic oil,boscalid and water. In selected embodiments, the composition may furthercomprise an emulsifier. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oilmay be present in an amount that is synergistically effective whenapplied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In anembodiment, boscalid may be present in an amount that is synergisticallyeffective when applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen ofthe plant. In selected embodiments, the paraffinic oil and boscalid maybe present in amounts that are synergistically effective when applied toa plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. The paraffinicoil, boscalid, and pigment may be provided as components of an O/Wemulsion. Accordingly, in an embodiment, there is provided a compositioncomprising a paraffinic oil, boscalid, a pigment and water. Inalternative embodiments, the composition may further comprise anemulsifier or a silicone surfactant or a combination thereof. Inselected embodiments, the composition may further comprise anemulsifier. In alternative embodiments, the composition may furthercomprise a silicone surfactant. In selected embodiments, the compositionmay further comprise an emulsifier and a silicone surfactant. In anembodiment, the emulsifier may comprise a natural or synthetic alcoholethoxylate, an alcohol alkoxylate, an alkyl polysaccharide, a glycerololeate, a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer, an alkylphenol ethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, a polyethylene glycol, asorbitan fatty acid ester ethoxylate, or a combination thereof. Inanother embodiment, the composition may further comprise a polyethyleneglycol of the formula IV. In another embodiment, the emulsifier maycomprise a natural or synthetic alcohol ethoxylate, a polymericsurfactant, a sorbitan fatty acid ester, or a combination thereof, andthe composition may further comprise a polyethylene glycol of theformula IV. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil may bepresent in an amount that is synergistically effective when applied to aplant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment,boscalid may be present in an amount that is synergistically effectivewhen applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant.In an embodiment, the pigment may be present in an amount that issynergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinicoil and boscalid may be present in amounts that are synergisticallyeffective when applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen ofthe plant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil and thepigment may be present in amounts that are synergistically effectivewhen applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant.In alternative embodiments, boscalid and the pigment may be present inamounts that are synergistically effective when applied to a plant forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments,the paraffinic oil, boscalid, and the pigment may be present in amountsthat are synergistically effective when applied to a plant forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. The O/W emulsions may beused for controlling a fungal pathogen of a plant.

The paraffinic oil and boscalid may be used to prepare O/W emulsions.Accordingly, in an embodiment, there is provided a use of a paraffinicoil and boscalid for preparing an O/W emulsion effective to control afungal pathogen of a plant. In alternative embodiments, there is alsoprovided a method of preparing an O/W emulsion effective to control afungal pathogen of a plant, the method comprising mixing, in any order,a paraffinic oil and boscalid. In alternative embodiments, theparaffinic oil and boscalid may be used or mixed with an emulsifier forpreparing the O/W emulsion. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinicoil may be present in an amount that is synergistically effective whenapplied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In anembodiment, boscalid may be present in an amount that is synergisticallyeffective when applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen ofthe plant. In selected embodiments, the paraffinic oil and boscalid maybe present in amounts that are synergistically effective when applied toa plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. The paraffinicoil, boscalid, and the pigment may be used to prepare O/W emulsions.Accordingly, in another embodiment, there is provided a use of aparaffinic oil, boscalid and a pigment for preparing an O/W emulsioneffective to control a fungal pathogen of a plant. In alternativeembodiments, there is also provided a method of preparing an O/Wemulsion effective to control a fungal pathogen of a plant, the methodcomprising mixing, in any order, a paraffinic oil, boscalid and apigment. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil, boscalid andthe pigment may be used or mixed with an emulsifier or a siliconesurfactant or a combination thereof for preparing the O/W emulsion. Inselected embodiments, the paraffinic oil, boscalid and the pigment maybe used or mixed with an emulsifier for preparing the O/W emulsion. Inalternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil, boscalid and the pigmentmay be used or mixed with a silicone surfactant for preparing the O/Wemulsion. In selected embodiments, the paraffinic oil, boscalid and thepigment may be used or mixed with an emulsifier and a siliconesurfactant for preparing the O/W emulsion. In an embodiment, the pigmentmay be dispersed in water and the emulsifier may comprise a natural orsynthetic alcohol ethoxylate, an alcohol alkoxylate, an alkylpolysaccharide, a glycerol oleate, a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropyleneblock copolymer, an alkyl phenol ethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, apolyethylene glycol, a sorbitan fatty acid ester ethoxylate, or acombination thereof. In another embodiment, there is provided a use of aparaffinic oil, boscalid, an emulsifier, a pigment, a siliconesurfactant and a polyethylene glycol of the formula IV for preparing anO/W emulsion effective to control a fungal pathogen of a plant, whereinthe pigment may be dispersed in oil. In another embodiment, there isprovided a use of a paraffinic oil, boscalid, an emulsifier, a pigment,a silicone surfactant and a polyethylene glycol of the formula IV forpreparing an O/W emulsion effective to control a fungal pathogen of aplant, wherein the pigment may be dispersed in oil, and the emulsifiermay comprise a natural or synthetic alcohol ethoxylate, a polymericsurfactant, a sorbitan fatty acid ester, or a combination thereof. Inalternative embodiments, there is provided a method of preparing an O/Wemulsion effective to control a fungal pathogen of a plant, the methodcomprising mixing, in any order, a paraffinic oil, boscalid, anemulsifier, a pigment, a silicone surfactant and a polyethylene glycolof the formula IV, wherein the pigment may be dispersed in oil. Inselected embodiments, there is provided a method of preparing an O/Wemulsion effective to control a fungal pathogen of a plant, the methodcomprising mixing, in any order, a paraffinic oil, boscalid, anemulsifier, a pigment, a silicone surfactant and a polyethylene glycolof the formula IV, wherein the pigment may be dispersed in oil, and theemulsifier may comprise a natural or synthetic alcohol ethoxylate, apolymeric surfactant, a sorbitan fatty acid ester, or a combinationthereof. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil may be presentin an amount that is synergistically effective when applied to a plantfor controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment,boscalid may be present in an amount that is synergistically effectivewhen applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant.In an embodiment, the pigment may be present in an amount that issynergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinicoil and boscalid may be present in amounts that are synergisticallyeffective when applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen ofthe plant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil and thepigment may be present in amounts that are synergistically effectivewhen applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant.In alternative embodiments, boscalid and the pigment may be present inamounts that are synergistically effective when applied to a plant forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments,the paraffinic oil, boscalid, and the pigment may be present in amountsthat are synergistically effective when applied to a plant forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. The O/W emulsions may beused for controlling a fungal pathogen of a plant.

In an embodiment, there is provided a use of a composition comprising aparaffinic oil and boscalid for preparing an O/W emulsion effective tocontrol a fungal pathogen of a plant. In alternative embodiments, thereis also provided a method of preparing an O/W emulsion effective tocontrol a fungal pathogen of a plant, the method comprising mixing acomposition comprising a paraffinic oil and boscalid with water. Inselected embodiments, the composition may further comprise anemulsifier. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil may bepresent in an amount that is synergistically effective when applied to aplant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment,boscalid may be present in an amount that is synergistically effectivewhen applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant.In selected embodiments, the paraffinic oil and boscalid may be presentin amounts that are synergistically effective when applied to a plantfor controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In another embodiment,there is provided a use of a composition comprising a paraffinic oil,boscalid and a pigment for preparing an O/W emulsion effective tocontrol a fungal pathogen of a plant. In alternative embodiments, thereis also provided a method of preparing an O/W emulsion effective tocontrol a fungal pathogen of a plant, the method comprising mixing acomposition comprising a paraffinic oil, boscalid and a pigment withwater. In selected embodiments, the composition may further comprise anemulsifier or a silicone surfactant or a combination thereof. Inalternative embodiments, the composition may further comprise anemulsifier. In another embodiment, the composition may further comprisea silicone surfactant. In selected embodiments, the composition mayfurther comprise an emulsifier and a silicone surfactant. In anembodiment, the emulsifier may comprise a natural or synthetic alcoholethoxylate, an alcohol alkoxylate, an alkyl polysaccharide, a glycerololeate, a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer, an alkylphenol ethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, a polyethylene glycol, asorbitan fatty acid ester ethoxylate, or a combination thereof. Inanother embodiment, the composition may further comprise a polyethyleneglycol of the formula IV. In another embodiment, the emulsifier maycomprise a natural or synthetic alcohol ethoxylate, a polymericsurfactant, a sorbitan fatty acid ester, or a combination thereof, andthe composition may further comprise a polyethylene glycol of theformula IV. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil may bepresent in an amount that is synergistically effective when applied to aplant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment,boscalid may be present in an amount that is synergistically effectivewhen applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant.In an embodiment, the pigment may be present in an amount that issynergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinicoil and boscalid may be present in amounts that are synergisticallyeffective when applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen ofthe plant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil and thepigment may be present in amounts that are synergistically effectivewhen applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant.In alternative embodiments, boscalid and the pigment may be present inamounts that are synergistically effective when applied to a plant forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments,the paraffinic oil, boscalid, and the pigment may be present in amountsthat are synergistically effective when applied to a plant forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. The O/W emulsions may beused for controlling a fungal pathogen of a plant.

In an embodiment, there is provided a use of a first compositioncomprising a paraffinic oil, and a second composition comprisingboscalid for preparing an O/W emulsion effective to control a fungalpathogen of a plant. In selected embodiments, there is also provided amethod of preparing an O/W emulsion effective to control a fungalpathogen of a plant, the method comprising mixing, in any order, a firstcomposition comprising a paraffinic oil, and a second compositioncomprising boscalid. In an embodiment, the first and/or secondcompositions may further comprise an emulsifier. In another embodiment,the first composition may further comprise an emulsifier. In anembodiment, the second composition may further comprise an emulsifier.In alternative embodiments, the first and second compositions mayfurther comprise an emulsifier. In alternative embodiments, theparaffinic oil may be present in an amount that is synergisticallyeffective when applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen ofthe plant. In an embodiment, boscalid may be present in an amount thatis synergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In selected embodiments, the paraffinicoil and boscalid may be present in amounts that are synergisticallyeffective when applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen ofthe plant. In an embodiment, there is provided a use of a firstcomposition comprising a paraffinic oil and boscalid, and a secondcomposition comprising a pigment for preparing an O/W emulsion effectiveto control a fungal pathogen of a plant. In an embodiment, there isprovided a use of a first composition comprising a paraffinic oil and apigment, and a second composition comprising boscalid for preparing anO/W emulsion effective to control a fungal pathogen of a plant. In anembodiment, there is provided a use of a first composition comprising aparaffinic oil, and a second composition comprising boscalid and apigment for preparing an O/W emulsion effective to control a fungalpathogen of a plant. In an embodiment, there is provided a method ofpreparing an O/W emulsion effective to control a fungal pathogen of aplant, the method comprising mixing, in any order, a first compositioncomprising a paraffinic oil and boscalid, and a second compositioncomprising a pigment. In an embodiment, there is provided a method ofpreparing an O/W emulsion effective to control a fungal pathogen of aplant, the method comprising mixing, in any order, a first compositioncomprising a paraffinic oil and a pigment, and a second compositioncomprising boscalid. In an embodiment, there is provided a method ofpreparing an O/W emulsion effective to control a fungal pathogen of aplant, the method comprising mixing, in any order, a first compositioncomprising a paraffinic oil, and a second composition comprisingboscalid and a pigment. In selected embodiments, the first and/or secondcomposition may further comprise an emulsifier or a silicone surfactantor a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the first and/or secondcompositions may further comprise an emulsifier. In another embodiment,the first composition may further comprise an emulsifier. In anembodiment, the second composition may further comprise an emulsifier.In a further embodiment, the first and second compositions may furthercomprise an emulsifier. In another embodiment, the first and/or secondcompositions may further comprise a silicone surfactant. In anembodiment, the first composition may further comprise a siliconesurfactant. In another embodiment, the second composition may furthercomprise a silicone surfactant. In selected embodiments, the first andsecond compositions may further comprise a silicone surfactant. In anembodiment, the emulsifier may comprise a natural or synthetic alcoholethoxylate, an alcohol alkoxylate, an alkyl polysaccharide, a glycerololeate, a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer, an alkylphenol ethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, a polyethylene glycol, asorbitan fatty acid ester ethoxylate, or a combination thereof. Inanother embodiment, the first and/or second compositions may furthercomprise a polyethylene glycol of the formula IV. In another embodiment,the emulsifier may comprise a natural or synthetic alcohol ethoxylate, apolymeric surfactant, a sorbitan fatty acid ester, or a combinationthereof, and the first and/or second compositions may further comprise apolyethylene glycol of the formula IV. In alternative embodiments, theparaffinic oil may be present in an amount that is synergisticallyeffective when applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen ofthe plant. In an embodiment, boscalid may be present in an amount thatis synergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, the pigment may bepresent in an amount that is synergistically effective when applied to aplant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In alternativeembodiments, the paraffinic oil and boscalid may be present in amountsthat are synergistically effective when applied to a plant forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments,the paraffinic oil and the pigment may be present in amounts that aresynergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments, boscalid andthe pigment may be present in amounts that are synergistically effectivewhen applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant.In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil, boscalid, and thepigment may be present in amounts that are synergistically effectivewhen applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant.The O/W emulsions may be used for controlling a fungal pathogen of aplant.

In an embodiment, there is provided a use of a first compositioncomprising a paraffinic oil, a second composition comprising boscalid,and a third composition comprising a pigment for preparing an O/Wemulsion effective to control a fungal pathogen of a plant. In selectedembodiments, there is also provided a method of preparing an O/Wemulsion effective to control a fungal pathogen of a plant, the methodcomprising mixing, in any order, a first composition comprising aparaffinic oil, a second composition comprising boscalid, and a thirdcomposition comprising a pigment. In an embodiment, the first, secondand/or third compositions may further comprise an emulsifier or asilicone surfactant or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, thefirst, second and/or third compositions may further comprise anemulsifier. In another embodiment, the first composition may furthercomprise an emulsifier. In an embodiment, the second composition mayfurther comprise an emulsifier. In a further embodiment, the thirdcomposition may further comprise an emulsifier. In alternativeembodiments, the first and second compositions may further comprise anemulsifier. In selected embodiments, the first and third compositionsmay further comprise an emulsifier. In alternative embodiment, thesecond and third compositions may further comprise an emulsifier. Inselected embodiments, the first, second and third compositions mayfurther comprise an emulsifier. In another embodiment, the first, secondand/or third compositions may further comprise a silicone surfactant. Inanother embodiment, the first composition may further comprise asilicone surfactant. In a further embodiment, the second composition mayfurther comprise a silicone surfactant. In an embodiment, the thirdcomposition may further comprise a silicone surfactant. In anembodiment, the first and second compositions may further comprise asilicone surfactant. In another embodiment, the first and thirdcompositions may further comprise a silicone surfactant. In a furtherembodiment, the second and third compositions may further comprise asilicone surfactant. In alternative embodiments, the first, second andthird compositions may further comprise a silicone surfactant. In anembodiment, the emulsifier may comprise a natural or synthetic alcoholethoxylate, an alcohol alkoxylate, an alkyl polysaccharide, a glycerololeate, a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer, an alkylphenol ethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, a polyethylene glycol, asorbitan fatty acid ester ethoxylate, or a combination thereof. Inanother embodiment, the first, second and/or third compositions mayfurther comprise a polyethylene glycol of the formula IV. In anotherembodiment, the emulsifier may comprise a natural or synthetic alcoholethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, a sorbitan fatty acid ester, or acombination thereof, and the first, second and/or third compositions mayfurther comprise a polyethylene glycol of the formula IV. In alternativeembodiments, the paraffinic oil may be present in an amount that issynergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, boscalid may be presentin an amount that is synergistically effective when applied to a plantfor controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, thepigment may be present in an amount that is synergistically effectivewhen applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant.In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil and boscalid may bepresent in amounts that are synergistically effective when applied to aplant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In alternativeembodiments, the paraffinic oil and the pigment may be present inamounts that are synergistically effective when applied to a plant forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments,boscalid and the pigment may be present in amounts that aresynergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinicoil, boscalid, and the pigment may be present in amounts that aresynergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. The O/W emulsions may be used forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of a plant.

O/W emulsions may be prepared by admixing suitable amounts of thecomponents of the O/W emulsions, for example, the paraffinic oil,boscalid, pigment, emulsifier, silicone surfactant, and/or water, andmixing and/or applying shear until the emulsion is obtained. Inalternative embodiments, O/W emulsions may be prepared by admixingsuitable amounts of the components of the O/W emulsions, for example,the paraffinic oil, boscalid, the pigment, the emulsifier, the siliconesurfactant, the polyethylene glycol, and/or water, and mixing and/orapplying shear until the emulsion is obtained. Alternatively, theseparate components may be combined at the nozzle of a spray gun to formthe O/W emulsion.

In another embodiment, there is provided a use of a paraffinic oil andboscalid, in any order, for controlling a fungal pathogen of a plant. Inalternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil may be used in an amountthat is synergistically effective when applied to a plant forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, boscalidmay be used in an amount that is synergistically effective when appliedto a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In selectedembodiments, the paraffinic oil and boscalid may be used in amounts thatare synergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In a further embodiment, there is provideda use of a paraffinic oil, boscalid, and a pigment, in any order, forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of a plant. In alternative embodiments,the paraffinic oil may be used in an amount that is synergisticallyeffective when applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen ofthe plant. In an embodiment, boscalid may be used in an amount that issynergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, the pigment may be usedin an amount that is synergistically effective when applied to a plantfor controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In alternativeembodiments, the paraffinic oil and boscalid may be used in amounts thatare synergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinicoil and the pigment may be used in amounts that are synergisticallyeffective when applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen ofthe plant. In alternative embodiments, boscalid and the pigment may beused in amounts that are synergistically effective when applied to aplant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In alternativeembodiments, the paraffinic oil, boscalid, and the pigment may be usedin amounts that are synergistically effective when applied to a plantfor controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. Also provided is a useof any of the O/W emulsions as described herein for controlling a fungalpathogen of a plant.

In an embodiment, there is provided a use of a composition comprising aparaffinic oil and boscalid for controlling a fungal pathogen of aplant. In another embodiment, the composition may further comprise anemulsifier. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil may bepresent in an amount that is synergistically effective when applied to aplant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment,boscalid may be present in an amount that is synergistically effectivewhen applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant.In selected embodiments, the paraffinic oil and boscalid may be presentin amounts that are synergistically effective when applied to a plantfor controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In another embodiment,there is provided a use of a composition comprising a paraffinic oil,boscalid and a pigment for controlling a fungal pathogen of a plant. Inselected embodiments, the composition may further comprise an emulsifieror a silicone surfactant or a combination thereof. In anotherembodiment, the composition may further comprise an emulsifier. In afurther embodiment, the composition may further comprise a siliconesurfactant. In selected embodiments, the composition may furthercomprise an emulsifier and a silicone surfactant. In an embodiment, theemulsifier may comprise a natural or synthetic alcohol ethoxylate, analcohol alkoxylate, an alkyl polysaccharide, a glycerol oleate, apolyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer, an alkyl phenolethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, a polyethylene glycol, a sorbitanfatty acid ester ethoxylate, or a combination thereof. In anotherembodiment, the composition may further comprise a polyethylene glycolof the formula IV. In another embodiment, the emulsifier may comprise anatural or synthetic alcohol ethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, asorbitan fatty acid ester, or a combination thereof, and the compositionmay further comprise a polyethylene glycol of the formula IV. Inalternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil may be present in an amountthat is synergistically effective when applied to a plant forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, boscalidmay be present in an amount that is synergistically effective whenapplied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In anembodiment, the pigment may be present in an amount that issynergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinicoil and boscalid may be present in amounts that are synergisticallyeffective when applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen ofthe plant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil and thepigment may be present in amounts that are synergistically effectivewhen applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant.In alternative embodiments, boscalid and the pigment may be present inamounts that are synergistically effective when applied to a plant forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments,the paraffinic oil, boscalid, and the pigment may be present in amountsthat are synergistically effective when applied to a plant forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In selected embodiments, thecompositions may further comprise water.

The paraffinic oil and boscalid may be used as components of twocompositions for controlling a fungal pathogen of a plant. Accordingly,in an embodiment, there is provided a use, in any order, of a firstcomposition comprising a paraffinic oil, and a second compositioncomprising boscalid, for controlling a fungal pathogen of a plant. In anembodiment, the first and/or second compositions may further comprise anemulsifier. In another embodiment, the first composition may furthercomprise an emulsifier. In an embodiment, the second composition mayfurther comprise an emulsifier. In selected embodiments, the first andsecond compositions may further comprise an emulsifier. In alternativeembodiments, the paraffinic oil may be present in an amount that issynergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, boscalid may be presentin an amount that is synergistically effective when applied to a plantfor controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In selected embodiments,the paraffinic oil and boscalid may be present in amounts that aresynergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. The paraffinic oil, boscalid, and thepigment may be used as components of two compositions for controlling afungal pathogen of a plant. Accordingly, in an embodiment, there isprovided a use, in any order, of a first composition comprising aparaffinic oil and boscalid, and a second composition comprising apigment for controlling a fungal pathogen of a plant. In an embodiment,there is provided a use, in any order, of a first composition comprisinga paraffinic oil, and a second composition comprising boscalid and apigment for controlling a fungal pathogen of a plant. In an embodiment,there is provided a use, in any order, of a first composition comprisinga paraffinic oil and a pigment, and a second composition comprisingboscalid for controlling a fungal pathogen of a plant. In alternativeembodiments, the first and/or second compositions may further comprisean emulsifier or a silicone surfactant or a combination thereof. In anembodiment, the first and/or second compositions may further comprise anemulsifier. In another embodiment, the first composition may furthercomprise an emulsifier. In a further embodiment, the second compositionmay further comprise an emulsifier. In an embodiment, the first andsecond compositions may further comprise an emulsifier. In anembodiment, the first and/or second compositions may further comprise asilicone surfactant. In another embodiment, the first composition mayfurther comprise a silicone surfactant. In a further embodiment, thesecond composition may further comprise a silicone surfactant. Inselected embodiments, the first and second compositions may furthercomprise a silicone surfactant. In an embodiment, the emulsifier maycomprise a natural or synthetic alcohol ethoxylate, an alcoholalkoxylate, an alkyl polysaccharide, a glycerol oleate, apolyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer, an alkyl phenolethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, a polyethylene glycol, a sorbitanfatty acid ester ethoxylate, or a combination thereof. In anotherembodiment, the first and/or second compositions may further comprise apolyethylene glycol of the formula IV. In another embodiment, theemulsifier may comprise a natural or synthetic alcohol ethoxylate, apolymeric surfactant, a sorbitan fatty acid ester, or a combinationthereof, and the first and/or second compositions may further comprise apolyethylene glycol of the formula IV. In alternative embodiments, theparaffinic oil may be present in an amount that is synergisticallyeffective when applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen ofthe plant. In an embodiment, boscalid may be present in an amount thatis synergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, the pigment may bepresent in an amount that is synergistically effective when applied to aplant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In alternativeembodiments, the paraffinic oil and boscalid may be present in amountsthat are synergistically effective when applied to a plant forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments,the paraffinic oil and the pigment may be present in amounts that aresynergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments, boscalid andthe pigment may be present in amounts that are synergistically effectivewhen applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant.In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil, boscalid, and thepigment may be present in amounts that are synergistically effectivewhen applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant.In selected embodiments, the first and/or second compositions mayfurther comprise water.

The paraffinic oil, boscalid, and pigment may be used as components ofthree compositions for controlling a fungal pathogen of a plant.Accordingly, in an embodiment, there is provided a use, in any order, ofa first composition comprising a paraffinic oil, a second compositioncomprising boscalid, and a third composition comprising a pigment, forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of a plant. In alternative embodiments,the first, second and/or third compositions may further comprise anemulsifier or a silicone surfactant or a combination thereof. In anotherembodiment, the first, second and/or third compositions may furthercomprise an emulsifier. In another embodiment, the first composition mayfurther comprise an emulsifier. In a further embodiment, the secondcomposition may further comprise an emulsifier. In an embodiment, thethird composition may further comprise an emulsifier. In an embodiment,the first and second compositions may further comprise an emulsifier. Inanother embodiment, the first and third compositions may furthercomprise an emulsifier. In a further embodiment, the second and thirdcompositions may further comprise an emulsifier. In selectedembodiments, the first, second and third compositions may furthercomprise an emulsifier. In another embodiment, the first, second and/orthird compositions may further comprise a silicone surfactant. Inanother embodiment, the first composition may further comprise asilicone surfactant. In a further embodiment, the second composition mayfurther comprise a silicone surfactant. In an embodiment, the thirdcomposition may further comprise a silicone surfactant. In anembodiment, the first and second compositions may further comprise asilicone surfactant. In another embodiment, the first and thirdcompositions may further comprise a silicone surfactant. In a furtherembodiment, the second and third compositions may further comprise asilicone surfactant. In alternative embodiments, the first, second andthird compositions may further comprise a silicone surfactant. In anembodiment, the emulsifier may comprise a natural or synthetic alcoholethoxylate, an alcohol alkoxylate, an alkyl polysaccharide, a glycerololeate, a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer, an alkylphenol ethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, a polyethylene glycol, asorbitan fatty acid ester ethoxylate, or a combination thereof. Inanother embodiment, the first, second and/or third compositions mayfurther comprise a polyethylene glycol of the formula IV. In anotherembodiment, the emulsifier may comprise a natural or synthetic alcoholethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, a sorbitan fatty acid ester, or acombination thereof, and the first, second and/or third compositions mayfurther comprise a polyethylene glycol of the formula IV. In alternativeembodiments, the paraffinic oil may be present in an amount that issynergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, boscalid may be presentin an amount that is synergistically effective when applied to a plantfor controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, thepigment may be present in an amount that is synergistically effectivewhen applied to a plant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant.In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil and boscalid may bepresent in amounts that are synergistically effective when applied to aplant for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In alternativeembodiments, the paraffinic oil and the pigment may be present inamounts that are synergistically effective when applied to a plant forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments,boscalid and the pigment may be present in amounts that aresynergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinicoil, boscalid, and the pigment may be present in amounts that aresynergistically effective when applied to a plant for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In selected embodiments, the first and/orsecond and/or third compositions may further comprise water.

Also provided is a method of controlling a fungal pathogen of a plant,the method comprising applying to the plant, in any order, a paraffinicoil and boscalid. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil may beapplied in an amount that is synergistically effective for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, boscalid may be appliedin an amount that is synergistically effective for controlling a fungalpathogen of the plant. In selected embodiments, the paraffinic oil andboscalid may be applied in amounts that are synergistically effectivefor controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In another embodiment,there is provided a method of controlling a fungal pathogen of a plant,the method comprising applying to the plant, in any order, a paraffinicoil, boscalid, and a pigment. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinicoil may be applied in an amount that is synergistically effective forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, boscalidmay be applied in an amount that is synergistically effective forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, thepigment may be applied in an amount that is synergistically effectivefor controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In alternativeembodiments, the paraffinic oil and boscalid may be applied in amountsthat are synergistically effective for controlling a fungal pathogen ofthe plant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil and thepigment may be applied in amounts that are synergistically effective forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments,boscalid and the pigment may be applied in amounts that aresynergistically effective for controlling a fungal pathogen of theplant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil, boscalid, and thepigment may be applied in amounts that are synergistically effective forcontrolling a fungal pathogen of the plant.

In an embodiment, there is provided a method of controlling a fungalpathogen of a plant, the method comprising applying to the plant acomposition comprising a paraffinic oil, in combination with boscalid.In another embodiment, the composition may further comprise anemulsifier. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil may beapplied in an amount that is synergistically effective for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, boscalid may be appliedin an amount that is synergistically effective for controlling a fungalpathogen of the plant. In selected embodiments, the paraffinic oil andboscalid may be applied in amounts that are synergistically effectivefor controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, thereis provided a method of controlling a fungal pathogen of a plant, themethod comprising applying to the plant a composition comprising aparaffinic oil and a pigment, in combination with boscalid. In selectedembodiments, the composition may further comprise an emulsifier or asilicone surfactant or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, thecomposition may further comprise an emulsifier. In a further embodiment,the composition may further comprise a silicone surfactant. In selectedembodiments, the composition may further comprise an emulsifier and asilicone surfactant. In an embodiment, the emulsifier may comprise anatural or synthetic alcohol ethoxylate, an alcohol alkoxylate, an alkylpolysaccharide, a glycerol oleate, a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropyleneblock copolymer, an alkyl phenol ethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, apolyethylene glycol, a sorbitan fatty acid ester ethoxylate, or acombination thereof. In another embodiment, and the composition mayfurther comprise a polyethylene glycol of the formula IV. In anotherembodiment, the emulsifier may comprise a natural or synthetic alcoholethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, a sorbitan fatty acid ester, or acombination thereof, and the composition may further comprise apolyethylene glycol of the formula IV. In alternative embodiments, theparaffinic oil may be applied in an amount that is synergisticallyeffective for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In anembodiment, boscalid may be applied in an amount that is synergisticallyeffective for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In anembodiment, the pigment may be applied in an amount that issynergistically effective for controlling a fungal pathogen of theplant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil and boscalid maybe applied in amounts that are synergistically effective for controllinga fungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments, theparaffinic oil and the pigment may be applied in amounts that aresynergistically effective for controlling a fungal pathogen of theplant. In alternative embodiments, boscalid and the pigment may beapplied in amounts that are synergistically effective for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinicoil, boscalid, and the pigment may be applied in amounts that aresynergistically effective for controlling a fungal pathogen of theplant. In selected embodiments, the compositions may further comprisewater.

The paraffinic oil and boscalid may be applied to the plant ascomponents of two compositions. Accordingly, in an embodiment, there isprovided a method of controlling a fungal pathogen of a plant, themethod comprising applying, in any order, to the plant a firstcomposition comprising a paraffinic oil, and a second compositioncomprising boscalid. In another embodiment, the first and/or secondcompositions may further comprise an emulsifier. In an embodiment, thefirst composition may further comprise an emulsifier. In an embodiment,the second composition may further comprise an emulsifier. In selectedembodiments, the first and second compositions may further comprise anemulsifier. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil may beapplied in an amount that is synergistically effective for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In an embodiment, boscalid may be appliedin an amount that is synergistically effective for controlling a fungalpathogen of the plant. In selected embodiments, the paraffinic oil andboscalid may be applied in amounts that are synergistically effectivefor controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. The paraffinic oil,boscalid, and the pigment may be applied to the plant as components oftwo compositions. Accordingly, in an embodiment, there is provided amethod of controlling a fungal pathogen of a plant, the methodcomprising applying, in any order, to the plant a first compositioncomprising a paraffinic oil, and a second composition comprisingboscalid and a pigment. In an embodiment, there is provided a method ofcontrolling a fungal pathogen of a plant, the method comprisingapplying, in any order, to the plant a first composition comprising aparaffinic oil and boscalid, and a second composition comprising apigment. In an embodiment, there is provided a method of controlling afungal pathogen of a plant, the method comprising apply, in any order,to the plant a first composition comprising a paraffinic oil and apigment, and a second composition comprising boscalid. In alternativeembodiments, the first and/or second compositions may further comprisean emulsifier or a silicone surfactant or a combination thereof. Inanother embodiment, the first and/or second compositions may furthercomprise an emulsifier. In another embodiment, the first composition mayfurther comprise an emulsifier. In a further embodiment, the secondcomposition may further comprise an emulsifier. In alternativeembodiments, the first and second compositions may further comprise anemulsifier. In another embodiment, the first and/or second compositionsmay further comprise a silicone surfactant. In an embodiment, the firstcomposition may further comprise a silicone surfactant. In anotherembodiment, the second composition may further comprise a siliconesurfactant. In a further embodiment, the first and second compositionsmay further comprise a silicone surfactant. In an embodiment, theemulsifier may comprise a natural or synthetic alcohol ethoxylate, analcohol alkoxylate, an alkyl polysaccharide, a glycerol oleate, apolyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer, an alkyl phenolethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, a polyethylene glycol, a sorbitanfatty acid ester ethoxylate, or a combination thereof. In anotherembodiment, the first and/or second compositions may further comprise apolyethylene glycol of the formula IV. In another embodiment, theemulsifier may comprise a natural or synthetic alcohol ethoxylate, apolymeric surfactant, a sorbitan fatty acid ester, or a combinationthereof, and the first and/or second compositions may further comprise apolyethylene glycol of the formula IV. In alternative embodiments, theparaffinic oil may be applied in an amount that is synergisticallyeffective for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In anembodiment, boscalid may be applied in an amount that is synergisticallyeffective for controlling a fungal pathogen of the plant. In anembodiment, the pigment may be applied in an amount that issynergistically effective for controlling a fungal pathogen of theplant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil and boscalid maybe applied in amounts that are synergistically effective for controllinga fungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments, theparaffinic oil and the pigment may be applied in amounts that aresynergistically effective for controlling a fungal pathogen of theplant. In alternative embodiments, boscalid and the pigment may beapplied in amounts that are synergistically effective for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinicoil, boscalid, and the pigment may be applied in amounts that aresynergistically effective for controlling a fungal pathogen of theplant. The paraffinic oil, boscalid, and pigment may be applied to theplant as components of three compositions. Accordingly, in anembodiment, there is provided a method of controlling a fungal pathogenof a plant, the method comprising applying, in any order, to the plant afirst composition comprising a paraffinic oil, a second compositioncomprising boscalid, and a third composition comprising a pigment. Inalternative embodiments, the first, second and/or third compositions mayfurther comprise an emulsifier or a silicone surfactant or a combinationthereof. In another embodiment, first, second and/or third compositionsmay further comprise an emulsifier. In an embodiment, the firstcomposition may further comprise an emulsifier. In an embodiment, thesecond composition may further comprise an emulsifier. In a furtherembodiment, the third composition may further comprise an emulsifier. Inselected embodiments, the first and second compositions may furthercomprise an emulsifier. In alternative embodiments, the first and thirdcompositions may further comprise an emulsifier. In an embodiment, thesecond and third compositions may further comprise an emulsifier. In afurther embodiment, the first, second and third compositions may furthercomprise an emulsifier. In another embodiment, the first, second and/orthird compositions may further comprise a silicone surfactant. In anembodiment, the first composition may further comprise a siliconesurfactant. In a further embodiment, the second composition may furthercomprise a silicone surfactant. In another embodiment, the thirdcomposition may further comprise a silicone surfactant. In selectedembodiments, the first and second compositions may further comprise asilicone surfactant. In alternative embodiments, the first and thirdcompositions may further comprise a silicone surfactant. In anembodiment, the second and third compositions may further comprise asilicone surfactant. In a further embodiment, the first, second andthird compositions may further comprise a silicone surfactant. In anembodiment, the emulsifier may comprise a natural or synthetic alcoholethoxylate, an alcohol alkoxylate, an alkyl polysaccharide, a glycerololeate, a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer, an alkylphenol ethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, a polyethylene glycol, asorbitan fatty acid ester ethoxylate, or a combination thereof. Inanother embodiment, the first, second and/or third compositions mayfurther comprise a polyethylene glycol of the formula IV. In anotherembodiment, the emulsifier may comprise a natural or synthetic alcoholethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, a sorbitan fatty acid ester, or acombination thereof, and the first, second and/or third compositions mayfurther comprise a polyethylene glycol of the formula IV. In alternativeembodiments, the paraffinic oil may be applied in an amount that issynergistically effective for controlling a fungal pathogen of theplant. In an embodiment, boscalid may be applied in an amount that issynergistically effective for controlling a fungal pathogen of theplant. In an embodiment, the pigment may be applied in an amount that issynergistically effective for controlling a fungal pathogen of theplant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil and boscalid maybe applied in amounts that are synergistically effective for controllinga fungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments, theparaffinic oil and the pigment may be applied in amounts that aresynergistically effective for controlling a fungal pathogen of theplant. In alternative embodiments, boscalid and the pigment may beapplied in amounts that are synergistically effective for controlling afungal pathogen of the plant. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinicoil, boscalid, and the pigment may be applied in amounts that aresynergistically effective for controlling a fungal pathogen of theplant. In selected embodiments, the first and/or second and/or thirdcompositions may further comprise water.

Compositions of the invention may be applied to the plant to provide adosage of the active agents that is sufficient to effectively controlthe fungal pathogen. The compositions may be reapplied as required. Thecompositions may be applied to the plant by spraying, misting,sprinkling, pouring, or any other suitable method.

In an embodiment, the paraffinic oil may comprise, for example, an oilenriched in paraffin. In an embodiment, the paraffinic oil may comprise,for example, a paraffin having a number of carbon atoms ranging fromabout 12 to about 50 or any combinations thereof. In an embodiment, theparaffinic oil may comprise, for example, a paraffin having a number ofcarbon atoms ranging from about 12 to about 40 or any combinationsthereof. In an embodiment, the paraffinic oil may comprise, for example,a paraffin having a number of carbon atoms ranging from about 16 toabout 40 or any combinations thereof. In an embodiment, the paraffinicoil may comprise, for example, a paraffin having a number of carbonatoms ranging from about 16 to about 35 or any combinations thereof. Inan embodiment, the paraffinic oil may comprise, for example, a paraffinhaving a number of carbon atoms ranging from about 15 to about 30 or anycombinations thereof. In an embodiment, the paraffinic oil may comprise,for example, a paraffin having a number of carbon atoms ranging fromabout 18 to about 25 or any combinations thereof. In an embodiment, theparaffinic oil may comprise, for example, a paraffin having a number ofcarbon atoms ranging from about 12 to about 21 or any combinationsthereof. In an embodiment, the paraffinic oil may comprise, for example,a paraffin having a number of carbon atoms ranging from about 20 toabout 35. In an embodiment, the paraffinic oil may comprise, forexample, a paraffin having an average number of carbon atoms that isless than or equal to about 20. In an embodiment, the paraffinic oil maycomprise, for example, a paraffin having an average number of carbonatoms ranging from about 12 to about 20. In an embodiment, theparaffinic oil may comprise, for example, a paraffin having an averagenumber of carbon atoms ranging from about 16 to about 30. In anembodiment, the paraffinic oil may comprise, for example, a paraffinhaving an average number of carbon atoms ranging from about 25 to about30. In an embodiment, the paraffinic oil may comprise, for example, aparaffin having an average number of carbon atoms of about 16 or about27. In an embodiment, the paraffinic oil may comprise, for example, aparaffin having an average number of carbon atoms of about 16. In anembodiment, the paraffinic oil may comprise, for example, a paraffinhaving an average number of carbon atoms of about 27. In an embodiment,the paraffinic oil may comprise, for example, a paraffin having anaverage number of carbon atoms of about 23. In an embodiment, theparaffinic oil may comprise, for example, a paraffin having a number ofcarbon atoms ranging from about 16 to about 40 with an average number ofcarbon atoms of about 27. In an embodiment, the paraffinic oil maycomprise, for example, a paraffin having a number of carbon atomsranging from about 16 to about 35 and having an average number of carbonatoms of about 23. In an embodiment, the paraffinic oil may comprise,for example, a paraffin having a number of carbon atoms ranging fromabout 12 to about 21 with an average number of carbon atoms of about 16.In an embodiment, the paraffin may be, for example, an isoparaffin. Inan embodiment, the paraffin may be, for example, a syntheticisoparaffin.

In an embodiment, paraffin may be present in the paraffinic oil in anamount, for example, of at least about 80%. In an embodiment, paraffinmay be present in the paraffinic oil in an amount, for example, of atleast about 90%. In an embodiment, paraffin may be present in theparaffinic oil in an amount, for example, of at least about 99%.

In selected embodiments, the paraffinic oil has been refined to removecompounds that are associated with plant injury, for example, aromaticcompounds or compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, or oxygen. In anembodiment, the paraffinic oil may comprise, for example, low levels ofaromatic compounds and/or compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, oroxygen. In an embodiment, the paraffinic oil may comprise, for example,less than about 10 wt % of aromatic compounds and/or compoundscontaining sulfur, nitrogen, or oxygen. In an embodiment, the paraffinicoil may comprise, for example, less than about 5 wt % of aromaticcompounds and/or compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, or oxygen. In anembodiment, the paraffinic oil may comprise, for example, less thanabout 2 wt % of aromatic compounds and/or compounds containing sulfur,nitrogen, or oxygen. In an embodiment, the paraffinic oil hassubstantially no content of aromatic compounds and/or compoundscontaining sulfur, nitrogen, or oxygen.

Non-limiting examples of suitable paraffinic oils may include, HT100,High Flash Jet, LSRD, and N65DW (available from Petro-Canada, Calgary,AB, Canada).

The expression “oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion” may include, for example, adispersed system containing at least two normally immiscible phases, onebeing dispersed as droplets in the other. Emulsions arethermodynamically unstable due to excess free energy associated with thesurface of the dispersed droplets such that the particles tend toflocculate (clumping together of dispersed droplets or particles) andsubsequently coalesce (fusing together of agglomerates into a largerdrop or droplets) to decrease the surface energy. If these dropletsfuse, the emulsion will “break” (i.e., the phases will separate)destroying the emulsion and making it difficult to prepare formulationsthat have a suitable shelf-life for storage. To prevent or slow“breaking” of an emulsion, an emulsifying agent or emulsifier is oftenadded. The type and concentration of a particular emulsifying agent willdepend, inter alia, on the emulsion phase components and the desiredresult.

In an embodiment, the emulsifier may be, for example, a “fast break” or“quick break” emulsifier. A “fast break” or “quick break” emulsifierallows the paraffinic oil to be quickly released from the O/W emulsionupon application to the turfgrass for contact of pests thereon. When a“fast break” or “quick break” emulsifier is present in a suitable amount(for example a selected proportion or ratio with respect to theparaffinic oil), the resulting “fast break” or “quick break” O/Wemulsion quickly releases the oil phase upon application to theturfgrass. Consequently, there is less runoff of the O/W emulsion fromthe grass blades as compared to more stable O/W emulsions such that asufficient amount of oil adheres to the turfgrass for a sufficientamount of time to effectively contact and control associated turfgrasspests. In an embodiment, for example, the oil phase resides on theturfgrass for a period of not less than one hour. In an embodiment, forexample, the oil phase resides on the turfgrass for a period of from notless than 1 hour but not more than 30 days. In an embodiment, the “fastbreak” or “quick break” emulsion may be, for example, an emulsion havingan oil phase that, after mixing with water, is reconstituted in 0.5 to15 minutes according to the following test:

1. Fill 100 mL graduated cylinder with tap water.

2. Add 1 mL of emulsified oil.

3. Invert graduated cylinder 5 times.

4. Using a stop watch and human observation, measure how long it takesfor the oil phase to reconstitute after inversion (step 3).

In selected embodiments, the oil phase may be, for example,reconstituted in 2 to 5 minutes, or 3 to 5 minutes, or 4 to 5 minutes,or 2 to 4 minutes, or 3 to 4 minutes, or 2 to 3 minutes, or 2 minutes,or 3 minutes, or 4 minutes, or 5 minutes according to the test. The“fast break” or “quick break” property of the O/W emulsion must bebalanced with the need to provide an O/W emulsion with a suitable shelflife under suitable storing conditions, and for a suitable timeframe.

In selected embodiments, the emulsifier may be, for example, a naturalor synthetic alcohol ethoxylate, an alcohol alkoxylate, an alkylpolysaccharide, a glycerol oleate, a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropyleneblock copolymer, an alkyl phenol ethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, apolyethylene glycol, a sorbitan fatty acid ester ethoxylate, or anycombination thereof.

In alternative embodiments, the emulsifier may be, for example, anatural or synthetic alcohol ethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, asorbitan fatty acid ester, or any combination thereof.

In selected embodiments, the natural or synthetic alcohol ethoxylate maybe, for example, a polyoxyethylene (4 to 12) lauryl ether (C12),polyoxyethylene (10) cetyl ether (C16), polyoxyethylene (10) stearylether (C18), polyoxyethylene (10) oleyl ether (C18 mono-unsaturated), apolyoxyethylene (2 to 11) C12-C15 alcohol, a polyoxyethylene (3 to 9)C11-C14 alcohol, a polyoxyethylene (9) C12-C14 alcohol, apolyoxyethylene (11) C16-C18 alcohol, a polyoxyethylene (20) C12-C15alcohol, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the natural orsynthetic alcohol ethoxylate may be, for example, a polyoxyethylene (4to 7) lauryl ether (C12), polyoxyethylene (10) cetyl ether (C16), apolyoxyethylene (2 to 11) C12-C15 alcohol, a polyoxyethylene (3 to 9)C11-C14 alcohol, a polyoxyethylene (9) C12-C14 alcohol, or anycombination thereof.

In some embodiments, the alcohol alkoxylate may be, for example, a butylether polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene block copolymer.

In alternative embodiments, the alkyl polysaccharide may be, forexample, a C8-C11 alkylpolysaccharide or any combination thereof. Theglycerol oleate may be, for example, a glycerol mono-, di-, tri-oleate,or any combination thereof. The polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene blockcopolymer may be, for example, a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene blockcopolymer having a molecular weight of about 1100 to about 11400 and 10to 80% EO. The alkyl phenol ethoxylate may be, for example, a nonylphenol ethoxylate, a dodecyl phenol ethoxylate, or any combinationthereof. In an embodiment, the nonyl phenol ethoxylate may be, forexample, a polyoxyethylene (2 to 8) nonylphenol.

In selected embodiments, the polymeric surfactant may be, for example, agraft copolymer, a random copolymer, or any combination thereof. In anembodiment, the graft copolymer may be, for example, a polymethacrylicacid and acrylate with polyoxyethylene chains. In an embodiment, therandom copolymer may be, for example, a random copolymer having esterand ether groups.

In alternative embodiments, the polyethylene glycol may be, for example,a polyethylene glycol having MW: about 200 to about 8000; MW: about 400PEG dioleate; or MW: about 600 PEG dioleate.

In alternative embodiments, the sorbitan fatty acid ester ethoxylate maybe, for example, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan tristearate,polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene (5) sorbitanmonooleate, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan trioleate, or any combinationthereof. In an embodiment, the sorbitan fatty acid ester may be, forexample, a sorbitan tristearate, a sorbitan triolate, or any combinationthereof.

In some embodiments, the emulsifier may be, for example, an alkyl phenolethoxylate, a mixture of an ethoxylated alcohol and a glycerol oleate,or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the emulsifier may be, forexample, an alkyl phenol ethoxylate. In an embodiment, the emulsifiermay be, for example, a nonylphenolethoxylate, a dodecylphenolethoxylate,or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the emulsifier may be, forexample, a nonylphenolethoxylate. In an embodiment, the emulsifier maybe, for example, a dodecylphenolethoxylate. In an embodiment, theemulsifier may be, for example, a mixture of an ethoxylated alcohol anda glycerol oleate. In an embodiment, the emulsifier may be, for example,a C10 to C16 alcohol ethoxylate and a glycerol oleate combination. In anembodiment, the emulsifier may be, for example, polyoxyethylene laurylether, C10 to C16 alcohol ethoxylates, and glycerol oleate. In anembodiment, the emulsifier may be, for example, ethoxylated alcoholshaving primary C5-C20 carbon chains with an average of about 2 to about7 ethoxylation groups, and a glycerol oleate. In an embodiment, theemulsifier may be, for example, a polyoxyethylene (11) C16-18 alcohol.In an embodiment, the emulsifier may be, for example, sorbitantristearate.

Non-limiting examples of suitable emulsifiers include AL3149 (availablefrom Uniqema), AL3313 (available from Uniqema), PC Emuls Green(available from Petro-Canada, Calgary, AB, Canada), Lutensol™ AT11(available from BASF), SPAN65 (available from Uniqema), and S-MAZ™65K(available from BASF).

In selected embodiments, the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to theemulsifier may be, for example, from about 95:5 to about 99.95:0.05. Inan embodiment, the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the emulsifiermay be, for example, from about 98.0:2 to about 99.9:0.1. In anembodiment, the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the emulsifier maybe, for example, from about 98.5:1.5 to about 99.5:0.5. In anembodiment, the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the emulsifier maybe, for example, from about 98.5:1.5 to about 99.9:0.1. In anembodiment, the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the emulsifier maybe, for example, from about 99.2:0.8 to about 99.5:0.5. In anembodiment, the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the emulsifier maybe, for example, about 98.8:1.2. In an embodiment, the weight ratio ofthe paraffinic oil to the emulsifier may be, for example, about99.2:0.8. In an embodiment, the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil tothe emulsifier may be, for example, about 99.4:0.6. In an embodiment,the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the emulsifier may be, forexample, about 99.5:0.5. In an embodiment, the weight ratio of theparaffinic oil to the emulsifier may be, for example, about 99.94:0.06.In an embodiment, the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to theemulsifier may be, for example, about 99.95:0.05. In an embodiment, theweight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the emulsifier may be, forexample, about 99.25:0.75.

In selected embodiments, the emulsifier may be present in theconcentrate in an amount, for example, from about 0.05 to about 10.0 wt%, or from about 0.5 to about 10.0 wt %, or from about 1.0 to about 10.0wt %, or from about 0.05 to about 5.0 wt %, or from about 0.5 to about5.0 wt %, or from about 1.0 to about 5.0 wt %, or from about 0.05 toabout 3.0 wt %, or from about 0.5 to about 3.0 wt %, or from about 1.0to about 3.0 wt %, or about 0.5 wt %, or about 0.75 wt %, or about 0.8wt %, or about 1.0 wt %, or about 1.5 wt %, or about 2.0 wt %. Inalternative embodiments, the emulsifier may be present in thenon-aqueous portion of the O/W emulsion in an amount, for example, fromabout 0.05 to about 10.0 wt %, or from about 0.5 to about 10.0 wt %, orfrom about 1.0 to about 10.0 wt %, or from about 0.05 to about 5.0 wt %,or from about 0.5 to about 5.0 wt %, or from about 1.0 to about 5.0 wt%, or from about 0.05 to about 3.0 wt %, or from about 0.5 to about 3.0wt %, or from about 1.0 to about 3.0 wt %, or about 0.5 wt %, or about0.75 wt %, or about 0.8 wt %, or about 1.0 wt %, or about 1.5 wt %, orabout 2.0 wt %. In selected embodiments, the emulsifier may be presentin the O/W emulsion in an amount, for example, from about 2.0 wt % ofless, or from about 1.0 wt % or less, or from about 0.01 to about 2.0 wt%, or from about 0.025 to about 2.0 wt %, or from about 0.5 to about 2.0wt %, or from about 0.01 to about 1.0 wt %, or from about 0.025 to about1.0 wt %, or from about 0.5 to about 1.0 wt %, or from about 0.01 toabout 0.5 wt %, or from about 0.025 to about 0.5 wt %, or from about0.01 to about 0.25 wt %, or from about 0.025 to about 0.25 wt %, orabout 0.05 wt %, or about 0.06 wt %, or about 0.1 wt %, or about 0.12 wt%, or about 0.5 wt %, or about 0.6 wt %, or about 1.2 wt %.

In alternative embodiments, the pigment may be, for example, aphthalocyanine compound. In selected embodiments, the pigment may be,for example, a metal-free phthalocyanine compound. In an embodiment, thepigment may be, for example, a halogenated metal-free phthalocyanine. Inan embodiment, the pigment may be, for example, a polychlorinatedmetal-free phthalocyanine. In alternative embodiments, the pigment maybe, for example, a metal phthalocyanine compound. In an embodiment, thepigment may be, for example, a copper phthalocyanine. In an embodiment,the pigment may be, for example, a nonhalogenated copper phthalocyanine.In an embodiment, the pigment may be, for example, a nonchlorinatedcopper phthalocyanine. In an embodiment, the pigment may be, forexample, Phthalocyanine Blue BN (CAS 147-14-8). In an embodiment, thepigment may be, for example, a halogenated copper phthalocyanine. In anembodiment, the pigment may be, for example, Phthalocyanine Green 6G(CAS 14302-13-7). In an embodiment, the pigment may be, for example,polychlorinated (Cu II) phthalocyanine. In an embodiment, the pigmentmay be, for example, Phthalocyanine Green G (CAS 1328-45-6 and1328-53-6). Non-limiting examples of suitable pigments may includeSunsperse™ Green 7 (available from Sun Chemical Corp. PerformancePigments Cincinnati, Ohio, USA), Sunsperse™ EXP 006-102 (available fromSun Chemical Corp. Performance Pigments, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA), andPigment Green 7 powder (available from Hercules Exports, Mumbai, India).

In alternative embodiments, the silicone surfactant may comprise, forexample, a silicone polyether. In an embodiment, the silicone surfactantmay comprise, for example, a silicone polyether having a suitable alkoxygroup with hydrogen end groups (H-capped), methyl end groups(CH₃-capped), or acetyl end groups (COCH₃-capped). In an embodiment, thesilicone polyether may be, for example, a trisiloxane having a suitablealkoxy group with hydrogen end groups (H-capped), methyl end groups(CH₃-capped), or acetyl end groups (COCH₃-capped). In an embodiment, thesilicone surfactant may comprise, for example, a silicone polyether ofthe formula I:

wherein R is H, CH₃ or COCH₃; x is 1 to 24; and n is 0 or ≧1. In anembodiment, the silicone surfactant may comprise, for example, asilicone polyether of the formula I wherein R═H; x=1 to 24; and n=0. Inan embodiment, the silicone surfactant may comprise, for example, asilicone polyether of the formula I wherein R═H; x=1 to 24; and n≧1. Inan embodiment, the silicone surfactant may comprise, for example, asilicone polyether of the formula I wherein R═CH₃; x=1 to 24; and n=0.In an embodiment, the silicone surfactant may comprise, for example, asilicone polyether of the formula I wherein R═CH₃; x=1 to 24; and n≧1.In an embodiment, the silicone surfactant may comprise, for example, asilicone polyether of the formula I wherein R═COCH₃; x=1 to 24; and n=0.In an embodiment, the silicone surfactant may comprise, for example, asilicone polyether of the formula I wherein R═COCH₃; x=1 to 24; and n≧1.

In selected embodiments, the silicone surfactant may comprise, forexample, a silicone polyether of the formula I wherein n=0; x=1-24; theaverage x=8-10; and R═H. In an embodiment, the silicone surfactant maycomprise, for example, a silicone polyether of the formula I whereinn=0; x=1-24, the average x=8-10; and R═COCH₃.

In alternative embodiments, the silicone surfactant may comprise, forexample, an H-capped dimethyl methyl(polyethylene oxide) siliconepolymer. In an embodiment, the H-capped dimethyl methyl(polyethyleneoxide) silicone polymer may have, for example, a molecular weight fromabout 200 to about 6000. In an embodiment, the silicone surfactant maycomprise, for example, a silicone polyether of the formula II:

wherein c=2-16; and b=2-70. In an embodiment, for example, the averageb=44. In an embodiment, for example, the average c=10.

Alternatively, the silicone surfactant may comprise, for example, anH-capped trisiloxane. In an embodiment, the silicone surfactant maycomprise, for example, a silicone polyether of the formula III:

wherein d=1-24. In an embodiment, for example, d=1-20. In an embodiment,for example, the average d=8-10. In an embodiment, for example, theaverage d=8.

Alternatively, the silicone surfactant may comprise, for example, asilicone copolyol, containing a hydrogen end group and one pendantpolyethylene oxide group and has an average molecular weight betweenabout 600 to about 1000 Daltons. In an embodiment, the siliconesurfactant may comprise, for example, a trisiloxane with an ethoxylatedalkyl group having a hydrogen end group (H-End). In an embodiment, thetrisiloxane with an ethoxylated alkyl group having a hydrogen end groupmay have, for example, a number of ethoxylation groups in the range of1-20. In an embodiment, the silicone surfactant may comprise, forexample, a methyl(propylhydroxide, ethoxylated)bis(trimethylsiloxy)silane. In an embodiment, the silicone surfactant may comprise, forexample, a dimethyl, methyl(polyethylene oxide) silicone polymer.

Commercial preparations of the silicone surfactants may or may notcontain small amounts of polyethylene glycols (PEG) or other lowmolecular weight polydimethyl siloxanes (PDMS).

In selected embodiments, the polyethylene glycol may comprise, forexample, a polyethylene glycol of the formula IV:R¹—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(f)—R²wherein R¹═H or CH₂═CH—CH₂ or COCH₃; R²═H or CH₂═CH—CH₂ or COCH₃; andf≧1. In an embodiment, the polyethylene glycol has, for example, a lowmolecular weight. In an embodiment, the polyethylene glycol has, forexample, a molecular weight of about 300 to about 1500 Daltons. In anembodiment, the polyethylene glycol may be, for example, a low molecularweight polyethylene glycol allyl ether. In an embodiment, thepolyethylene glycol may be, for example, a low molecular weightpolyethylene glycol mono-allyl ether having an average molecular of fromabout 300 to about 600 Daltons and having from 1 to moles of ethyleneglycol with an average ethoxylation (EO) of 8 to 10. In an embodiment,the polyethylene glycol may comprise, for example, a polyethylene glycolof the formula IV wherein R¹═CH₂═CH—CH₂, R²═H, and f=1-20 with anaverage f=8, a polyethylene glycol of the formula IV whereinR¹═CH₂═CH—CH₂ or COCH₃, and R²═COCH₃, a polyethylene glycol of theformula IV wherein R¹═CH₂═CH—CH₂, and R²═H, or any combination thereof.In an embodiment, the polyethylene glycol may comprise, for example, apolyethylene glycol of the formula IV wherein R¹═CH₂═CH—CH₂ or COCH₃,and R²═COCH₃, a polyethylene glycol of the formula IV whereinR¹═CH₂═CH—CH₂, and R²═H, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment,the polyethylene glycol may comprise, for example, a polyethylene glycolof the formula IV wherein R¹═CH₂═CH—CH₂, R²═H, and f=1-20 with anaverage f=8. In an embodiment, the polyethylene glycol may comprise, forexample, a polyethylene glycol of the formula IV wherein R¹═CH₂═CH—CH₂or COCH₃, and R²═COCH₃. In an embodiment, the polyethylene glycol maycomprise, for example, a polyethylene glycol of the formula IV whereinR¹═CH₂═CH—CH₂, and R²═H. Non-limiting examples of suitable polyethyleneglycols may include Polyglykol A500 (available from Clariant).

In alternative embodiments, the silicone surfactant may furthercomprise, for example, the polyethylene glycol. In selected embodiments,the silicone surfactant may comprise, for example, from about 10 toabout 30 wt % of polyethylene glycol. In selected embodiments, thepolyethylene glycol may be present in the O/W emulsion in an amount, forexample, from about 0.01 to about 0.03 wt %.

Non-limiting examples of suitable silicone surfactants may includeSylgard™ 309 (available from Dow Corning, Midland, Mich., USA),Silfsurf™ A008-UP (available from Siltech Corp. Toronto, ON, Canada),Lambent MFF 199 SW (available from Lambent Technologies Corp., Gurnee,Ill., USA), and Lambent MFF 159-100 (available from Lambent TechnologiesCorp., Gurnee, Ill., USA).

In selected embodiments, the silicone surfactant may be present in theconcentrate in an amount, for example, from about 0.1 to about 5 wt %,or about 1.8 wt %, or about 2 wt %. In alternative embodiments, thesilicone surfactant may be present in the non-aqueous portion of the O/Wemulsion in an amount, for example, from about 0.1 to about 5 wt %, orabout 1.8 wt %, or about 2 wt %. In selected embodiments, the siliconesurfactant may be present in the O/W emulsion in an amount, for example,from about 0.01 to about 0.5 wt %, or about 0.1 wt %, or about 0.12 wt%.

In alternative embodiments, boscalid may be used in different crystalforms, and in alternative hydration states, such as an anhydrate ormonohydrate (see, for example, WO 03/029219 and WO 04/072039). Boscalidmay be commercially available, for example as a product identified asEmerald™ (available from BASF Corporation, Research Triangle Park, N.C.,USA).

In alternative embodiments, the aqueous component of the O/W emulsionsmay comprise distilled water or other waters having a low mineralelectrolyte content.

In selected embodiments, the fungicidal compositions may exhibit asynergistic response, for example in controlling a fungal pathogen inturfgrass. In an embodiment, the fungicidal compositions may besynergistic fungicidal compositions for treating a fungal pathogen inturfgrass. In alternative embodiments, the fungicidal composition mayexhibit a synergistic response, for example, in controlling dollar spotor dead spot or a combination thereof in turfgrass. In selectedembodiments, the fungicidal composition may exhibit a synergisticresponse, for example, in controlling dollar spot or bentgrass dead spotor bermudagrass dead spot or a combination thereof in turfgrass. Inselected embodiments, the fungicidal compositions may exhibit asynergistic response, for example in controlling dollar spot inturfgrass. Accordingly, in an embodiment, the fungicidal compositionsmay be synergistic fungicidal compositions for treating dollar spot inturfgrass. In selected embodiments, the fungicidal compositions mayexhibit a synergistic response, for example in controlling bentgrassdead spot or bermudagrass dead spot in turfgrass. Accordingly, in anembodiment, the fungicidal compositions may be synergistic fungicidalcompositions for treating bentgrass dead spot or bermudagrass dead spotor a combination thereof in turfgrass. In alternative embodiments, thefungicidal compositions may be synergistic fungicidal combinations fortreating bentgrass dead spot. In selected embodiments, the fungicidalcompositions may be synergistic fungicidal composition for treatingbermudagrass dead spot in turfgrass. As for example is suggested byBurpee and Latin (Plant Disease Vol. 92 No. 4, April 2008, 601-606), theterm “synergy”, “synergistic”, or the like, may refer to the interactionof two or more agents so that their combined effect is greater than thesum of their individual effects, this may include, in the context of theinvention, the action of two or more fungicidal agents in which thetotal response of a fungus to the fungicidal agent combination isgreater than the sum of the individual components.

In selected embodiments, the paraffinic oil may be present in thecomposition in a synergistically effective amount. In selectedembodiments, boscalid may be present in the composition in asynergistically effective amount. In alternative embodiments, thepigment may be present in the composition in a synergistically effectiveamount. In selected embodiments, the paraffinic oil and boscalid may bepresent in the composition in synergistically effective amounts. Inalternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil and the pigment may bepresent in the composition in synergistically effective amounts. Inselected embodiments, boscalid and the pigment may be present in thecomposition in synergistically effective amounts. In alternativeembodiments, the paraffinic oil, boscalid and the pigment may be presentin the composition in synergistically effective amounts. In alternativeembodiments, the paraffinic oil may be used or applied to the plant at arate which supplies a synergistically effective amount of the paraffinicoil to the plant. Similarly, boscalid may be used or applied to theplant at a rate which supplies a synergistically effective amount ofboscalid to the plant. Alternatively, the pigment may be used or appliedto the plant at a rate which supplies a synergistically effective amountof the pigment to the plant. In selected embodiments, the paraffinic oiland boscalid may be used or applied to the plant at rates which supplysynergistically effective amounts of the paraffinic oil and boscalid tothe plant. In selected embodiments, the paraffinic oil and the pigmentmay be used or applied to the plant at rates which supplysynergistically effective amounts of the paraffinic oil and the pigmentto the plant. In selected embodiments, the boscalid and the pigment maybe used or applied to the plant at rates which supply synergisticallyeffective amounts of boscalid and the pigment to the plant. In selectedembodiments, the paraffinic oil, boscalid and the pigment may be used orapplied to the plant at rates which supply synergistically effectiveamounts of the paraffinic oil, boscalid and the pigment to the plant.

In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil may be used or applied tothe plant at a rate that is less than a given rate, such as less thanthe rate proscribed by product labeling. For example, the paraffinic oilmay be used or applied to the plant at, for example, 75% or less of thelabel rate, or 70% or less of the label rate. Alternatively, theparaffinic oil may be used or applied to the plant at, for example, 50%or less of the label rate, or from about 25% to about 75% of the labelrate, or from about 25% to about 50% of the label rate, or at about 75%of the label rate, or at about 50% of the label rate, or at about 25% ofthe label rate. In selected embodiments, the paraffinic oil may be usedor applied to the plant at, for example, from about 0.9 to about 32oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about 32 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2 to about 32 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 3 to about 32oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 32 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 5 to about 32 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 6 to about 32oz/1000 square ft, or from about 7 to about 32 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 8 to about 32 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 9 to about 32oz/1000 square ft, or from about 10 to about 32 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 11 to about 32 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 12 to about32 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 13 to about 32 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 14 to about 32 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 15 to about32 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 16 to about 32 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 17 to about 32 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 18 to about32 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 19 to about 32 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 20 to about 32 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 21 to about32 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 22 to about 32 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 23 to about 32 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 24 to about32 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 25 to about 32 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 26 to about 32 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 27 to about32 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 28 to about 32 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 29 to about 32 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 30 to about32 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 31 to about 32 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.9 to about 31 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about31 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 2 to about 31 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 3 to about 31 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 31oz/1000 square ft, or from about 5 to about 31 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 6 to about 31 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 7 to about 31oz/1000 square ft, or from about 8 to about 31 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 9 to about 31 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 10 to about 31oz/1000 square ft, or from about 11 to about 31 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 12 to about 31 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 13 to about31 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 14 to about 31 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 15 to about 31 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 16 to about31 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 17 to about 31 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 18 to about 31 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 19 to about31 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 20 to about 31 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 21 to about 31 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 22 to about31 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 23 to about 31 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 24 to about 31 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 25 to about31 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 26 to about 31 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 27 to about 31 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 28 to about31 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 29 to about 31 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 30 to about 31 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about30 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about 30 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2 to about 30 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 3 to about 30oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 30 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 5 to about 30 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 6 to about 30oz/1000 square ft, or from about 7 to about 30 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 8 to about 30 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 9 to about 30oz/1000 square ft, or from about 10 to about 30 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 11 to about 30 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 12 to about30 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 13 to about 30 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 14 to about 30 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 15 to about30 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 16 to about 30 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 17 to about 30 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 18 to about30 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 19 to about 30 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 20 to about 30 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 21 to about30 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 22 to about 30 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 23 to about 30 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 24 to about30 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 25 to about 30 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 26 to about 30 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 27 to about30 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 28 to about 30 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 29 to about 30 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about29 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about 29 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2 to about 29 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 3 to about 29oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 29 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 5 to about 29 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 6 to about 29oz/1000 square ft, or from about 7 to about 29 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 8 to about 29 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 9 to about 29oz/1000 square ft, or from about 10 to about 29 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 11 to about 29 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 12 to about29 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 13 to about 29 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 14 to about 29 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 15 to about29 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 16 to about 29 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 17 to about 29 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 18 to about29 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 19 to about 29 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 20 to about 29 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 21 to about29 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 22 to about 29 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 23 to about 29 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 24 to about29 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 25 to about 29 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 26 to about 29 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 27 to about29 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 28 to about 29 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.9 to about 28 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about28 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 2 to about 28 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 3 to about 28 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 28oz/1000 square ft, or from about 5 to about 28 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 6 to about 28 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 7 to about 28oz/1000 square ft, or from about 8 to about 28 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 9 to about 28 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 10 to about 28oz/1000 square ft, or from about 11 to about 28 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 12 to about 28 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 13 to about28 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 14 to about 28 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 15 to about 28 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 16 to about28 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 17 to about 28 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 18 to about 28 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 19 to about28 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 20 to about 28 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 21 to about 28 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 22 to about28 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 23 to about 28 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 24 to about 28 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 25 to about28 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 26 to about 28 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 27 to about 28 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about27 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about 27 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2 to about 27 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 3 to about 27oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 27 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 5 to about 27 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 6 to about 27oz/1000 square ft, or from about 7 to about 27 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 8 to about 27 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 9 to about 27oz/1000 square ft, or from about 10 to about 27 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 11 to about 27 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 12 to about27 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 13 to about 27 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 14 to about 27 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 15 to about27 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 16 to about 27 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 17 to about 27 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 18 to about27 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 19 to about 27 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 20 to about 27 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 21 to about27 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 22 to about 27 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 23 to about 27 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 24 to about27 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 25 to about 27 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 26 to about 27 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about26 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about 26 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2 to about 26 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 3 to about 26oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 26 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 5 to about 26 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 6 to about 26oz/1000 square ft, or from about 7 to about 26 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 8 to about 26 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 9 to about 26oz/1000 square ft, or from about 10 to about 26 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 11 to about 26 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 12 to about26 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 13 to about 26 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 14 to about 26 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 15 to about26 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 16 to about 26 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 17 to about 26 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 18 to about26 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 19 to about 26 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 20 to about 26 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 21 to about26 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 22 to about 26 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 23 to about 26 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 24 to about26 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 25 to about 26 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.9 to about 25 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about25 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 2 to about 25 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 3 to about 25 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 25oz/1000 square ft, or from about 5 to about 25 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 6 to about 25 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 7 to about 25oz/1000 square ft, or from about 8 to about 25 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 9 to about 25 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 10 to about 25oz/1000 square ft, or from about 11 to about 25 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 12 to about 25 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 13 to about25 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 14 to about 25 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 15 to about 25 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 16 to about25 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 17 to about 25 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 18 to about 25 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 19 to about25 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 20 to about 25 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 21 to about 25 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 22 to about25 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 23 to about 25 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 24 to about 25 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about24 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about 24 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2 to about 24 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 3 to about 24oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 24 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 5 to about 24 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 6 to about 24oz/1000 square ft, or from about 7 to about 24 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 8 to about 24 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 9 to about 24oz/1000 square ft, or from about 10 to about 24 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 11 to about 24 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 12 to about24 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 13 to about 24 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 14 to about 24 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 15 to about24 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 16 to about 24 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 17 to about 24 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 18 to about24 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 19 to about 24 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 20 to about 24 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 21 to about24 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 22 to about 24 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 23 to about 24 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about23 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about 23 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2 to about 23 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 3 to about 23oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 23 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 5 to about 23 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 6 to about 23oz/1000 square ft, or from about 7 to about 23 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 8 to about 23 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 9 to about 23oz/1000 square ft, or from about 10 to about 23 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 11 to about 23 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 12 to about23 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 13 to about 23 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 14 to about 23 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 15 to about23 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 16 to about 23 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 17 to about 23 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 18 to about23 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 19 to about 23 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 20 to about 23 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 21 to about23 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 22 to about 23 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.9 to about 22 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about22 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 2 to about 22 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 3 to about 22 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 22oz/1000 square ft, or from about 5 to about 22 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 6 to about 22 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 7 to about 22oz/1000 square ft, or from about 8 to about 22 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 9 to about 22 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 10 to about 22oz/1000 square ft, or from about 11 to about 22 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 12 to about 22 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 13 to about22 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 14 to about 22 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 15 to about 22 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 16 to about22 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 17 to about 22 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 18 to about 22 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 19 to about22 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 20 to about 22 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 21 to about 22 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about21 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about 21 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2 to about 21 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 3 to about 21oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 21 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 5 to about 21 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 6 to about 21oz/1000 square ft, or from about 7 to about 21 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 8 to about 21 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 9 to about 21oz/1000 square ft, or from about 10 to about 21 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 11 to about 21 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 12 to about21 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 13 to about 21 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 14 to about 21 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 15 to about21 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 16 to about 21 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 17 to about 21 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 18 to about21 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 19 to about 21 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 20 to about 21 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about20 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about 20 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2 to about 20 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 3 to about 20oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 20 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 5 to about 20 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 6 to about 20oz/1000 square ft, or from about 7 to about 20 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 8 to about 20 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 9 to about 20oz/1000 square ft, or from about 10 to about 20 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 11 to about 20 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 12 to about20 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 13 to about 20 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 14 to about 20 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 15 to about20 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 16 to about 20 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 17 to about 20 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 18 to about20 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 19 to about 20 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.9 to about 19 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about19 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 2 to about 19 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 3 to about 19 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 19oz/1000 square ft, or from about 5 to about 19 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 6 to about 19 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 7 to about 19oz/1000 square ft, or from about 8 to about 19 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 9 to about 19 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 10 to about 19oz/1000 square ft, or from about 11 to about 19 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 12 to about 19 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 13 to about19 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 14 to about 19 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 15 to about 19 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 16 to about19 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 17 to about 19 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 18 to about 19 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about18 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about 18 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2 to about 18 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 3 to about 18oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 18 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 5 to about 18 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 6 to about 18oz/1000 square ft, or from about 7 to about 18 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 8 to about 18 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 9 to about 18oz/1000 square ft, or from about 10 to about 18 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 11 to about 18 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 12 to about18 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 13 to about 18 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 14 to about 18 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 15 to about18 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 16 to about 18 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 17 to about 18 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about17 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about 17 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2 to about 17 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 3 to about 17oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 17 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 5 to about 17 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 6 to about 17oz/1000 square ft, or from about 7 to about 17 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 8 to about 17 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 9 to about 17oz/1000 square ft, or from about 10 to about 17 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 11 to about 17 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 12 to about17 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 13 to about 17 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 14 to about 17 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 15 to about17 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 16 to about 17 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.9 to about 16 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about16 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 2 to about 16 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 3 to about 16 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 16oz/1000 square ft, or from about 5 to about 16 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 6 to about 16 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 7 to about 16oz/1000 square ft, or from about 8 to about 16 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 9 to about 16 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 10 to about 16oz/1000 square ft, or from about 11 to about 16 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 12 to about 16 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 13 to about16 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 14 to about 16 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 15 to about 16 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about15 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about 15 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2 to about 15 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 3 to about 15oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 15 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 5 to about 15 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 6 to about 15oz/1000 square ft, or from about 7 to about 15 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 8 to about 15 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 9 to about 15oz/1000 square ft, or from about 10 to about 15 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 11 to about 15 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 12 to about15 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 13 to about 15 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 14 to about 15 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about14 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about 14 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2 to about 14 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 3 to about 14oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 14 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 5 to about 14 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 6 to about 14oz/1000 square ft, or from about 7 to about 14 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 8 to about 14 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 9 to about 14oz/1000 square ft, or from about 10 to about 14 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 11 to about 14 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 12 to about14 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 13 to about 14 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.9 to about 13 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about13 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 2 to about 13 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 3 to about 13 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 13oz/1000 square ft, or from about 5 to about 13 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 6 to about 13 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 7 to about 13oz/1000 square ft, or from about 8 to about 13 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 9 to about 13 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 10 to about 13oz/1000 square ft, or from about 11 to about 13 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 12 to about 13 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about12 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about 12 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2 to about 12 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 3 to about 12oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 12 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 5 to about 12 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 6 to about 12oz/1000 square ft, or from about 7 to about 12 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 8 to about 12 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 9 to about 12oz/1000 square ft, or from about 10 to about 12 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 11 to about 12 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about11 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about 11 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2 to about 11 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 3 to about 11oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 11 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 5 to about 11 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 6 to about 11oz/1000 square ft, or from about 7 to about 11 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 8 to about 11 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 9 to about 11oz/1000 square ft, or from about 10 to about 11 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.9 to about 10 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about10 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 2 to about 10 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 3 to about 10 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 10oz/1000 square ft, or from about 5 to about 10 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 6 to about 10 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 7 to about 10oz/1000 square ft, or from about 8 to about 10 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 9 to about 10 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about 9oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about 9 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 2 to about 9 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 3 to about 9 oz/1000square ft, or from about 4 to about 9 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 5to about 9 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 6 to about 9 oz/1000 squareft, or from about 7 to about 9 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 8 toabout 9 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about 8 oz/1000 squareft, or from about 1 to about 8 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 2 toabout 8 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 3 to about 8 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 4 to about 8 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 5 to about 8oz/1000 square ft, or from about 6 to about 8 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 7 to about 8 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about 7oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about 7 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 2 to about 7 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 3 to about 7 oz/1000square ft, or from about 4 to about 7 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 5to about 7 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 6 to about 7 oz/1000 squareft, or from about 0.9 to about 6 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 toabout 6 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 2 to about 6 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 3 to about 6 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 6oz/1000 square ft, or from about 5 to about 6 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 0.9 to about 5 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about 5oz/1000 square ft, or from about 2 to about 5 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 3 to about 5 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 4 to about 5 oz/1000square ft, or from about 0.9 to about 4 oz/1000 square ft, or from about1 to about 4 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 2 to about 4 oz/1000square ft, or from about 3 to about 4 oz/1000 square ft, or from about0.9 to about 3 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about 3 oz/1000square ft, or from about 2 to about 3 oz/1000 square ft, or from about0.9 to about 2 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1 to about 2 oz/1000square ft, or from about 0.9 to about 1 oz/1000 square ft. In selectedembodiments, the paraffinic oil may be used or applied to the plant at,for example, about 0.9 oz/1000 square ft, or about 1 oz/1000 square ft,or about 2 oz/1000 square ft, or about 3 oz/1000 square ft, or about 4oz/1000 square ft, or about 5 oz/1000 square ft, or about 6 oz/1000square ft, or about 7 oz/1000 square ft, or about 8 oz/1000 square ft,or about 9 oz/1000 square ft, or about 10 oz/1000 square ft, or about 11oz/1000 square ft, or about 12 oz/1000 square ft, or about 13 oz/1000square ft, or about 14 oz/1000 square ft, or about 15 oz/1000 square ft,or about 16 oz/1000 square ft, or about 17 oz/1000 square ft, or about18 oz/1000 square ft, or about 19 oz/1000 square ft, or about 20 oz/1000square ft, or about 21 oz/1000 square ft, or about 22 oz/1000 square ft,or about 23 oz/1000 square ft, or about 24 oz/1000 square ft, or about25 oz/1000 square ft, or about 26 oz/1000 square ft, or about 27 oz/1000square ft, or about 28 oz/1000 square ft, or about 29 oz/1000 square ft,or about 30 oz/1000 square ft, or about 31 oz/1000 square ft, or about32 oz/1000 square ft. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil maybe used or applied to the plant at, for example, about 7.8 oz/1000square ft, or about 15.7 oz/1000 square ft, or about 12.5 oz/1000 squareft.

In selected embodiments, the paraffinic oil may be used or applied tothe plant at an interval rate of, for example, from 1 day to 90 days, orfrom 1 day to 60 days, or from 1 day to 30 days, or from 1 day to 21days, or from 1 day to 14 days, or from 1 day to 7 days, or from 7 daysto 90 days, or from 7 days to 60 days, or from 7 days to 30 days, orfrom 7 days to 21 days, or from 7 days to 14 days, from 14 days to 90days, from 14 days to 60 days, from 14 days to 30 days, or from 14 daysto 21 days, or 1 day, or 2 days, or 3 days, or 4 days, or 5 days, or 6days, or 7 days, or 8 days, or 9 days, or 10 days, or 11 days, or 12days, or 13 days, or 14 days, or 15 days, or 16 days, or 17 days, or 18days, or 19 days, or 20 days, or 21 days, or 22 days, or 23 days, or 24days, or 25 days, or 26 days, or 27 days, or 28 days, or 29 days, or 30days, or 31 days, or 32 days, or 33 days, or 34 days, or 35 days, or 36days, or 37 days, or 38 days, or 39 days, or 40 days, or 41 days, or 42days, or 43 days, or 44 days, or 45 days, or 46 days, or 47 days, or 48days, or 49 days, or 50 days, or 51 days, or 52 days, or 53 days, or 54days, or 55 days, or 56 days, or 57 days, or 58 days, or 59 days, or 60days, or 61 days, or 62 days, or 63 days, or 64 days, or 65 days, or 66days, or 67 days, or 68 days, or 69 days, or 70 days, or 71 days, or 72days, or 73 days, or 74 days, or 75 days, or 76 days, or 77 days, or 78days, or 79 days, or 80 days, or 81 days, or 82 days, or 83 days, or 84days, or 85 days, or 86 days, or 87 days, or 88 days, or 89 days, or 90days.

In selected embodiments, boscalid may be used or applied to the plant ata rate that is less than a given rate, such as less than the rateproscribed by product labeling. In alternative embodiments, boscalid maybe used or applied to the plant at, for example, 75% or less of thelabel rate, or 70% or less of the label rate, or 50% or less of thelabel rate, or from about 25% to about 75% of the label rate, or fromabout 25% to about 50% of the label rate, or at about 75% of the labelrate, or at about 50% of the label rate, or at about 25% of the labelrate. In selected embodiments, boscalid may be used or applied to theplant at, for example, from about 0.01 to about 0.18 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.02 to about 0.18 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.03to about 0.18 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.04 to about 0.18oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.05 to about 0.18 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.06 to about 0.18 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.07to about 0.18 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.08 to about 0.18oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.09 to about 0.18 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.10 to about 0.18 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.11to about 0.18 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.12 to about 0.18oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.13 to about 0.18 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.14 to about 0.18 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.15to about 0.18 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.16 to about 0.18oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.17 to about 0.18 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.01 to about 0.17 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.02to about 0.17 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.03 to about 0.17oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.04 to about 0.17 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.05 to about 0.17 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.06to about 0.17 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.07 to about 0.17oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.08 to about 0.17 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.09 to about 0.17 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.10to about 0.17 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.11 to about 0.17oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.12 to about 0.17 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.13 to about 0.17 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.14to about 0.17 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.15 to about 0.17oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.16 to about 0.17 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.01 to about 0.16 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.02to about 0.16 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.03 to about 0.16oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.04 to about 0.16 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.05 to about 0.16 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.06to about 0.16 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.07 to about 0.16oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.08 to about 0.16 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.09 to about 0.16 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.10to about 0.16 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.11 to about 0.16oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.12 to about 0.16 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.13 to about 0.16 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.14to about 0.16 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.15 to about 0.16oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.01 to about 0.15 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.02 to about 0.15 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.03to about 0.15 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.04 to about 0.15oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.05 to about 0.15 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.06 to about 0.15 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.07to about 0.15 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.08 to about 0.15oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.09 to about 0.15 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.10 to about 0.15 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.11to about 0.15 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.12 to about 0.15oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.13 to about 0.15 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.14 to about 0.15 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.01to about 0.14 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.02 to about 0.14oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.03 to about 0.14 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.04 to about 0.14 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.05to about 0.14 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.06 to about 0.14oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.07 to about 0.14 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.08 to about 0.14 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.09to about 0.14 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.10 to about 0.14oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.11 to about 0.14 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.12 to about 0.14 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.13to about 0.14 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.01 to about 0.13oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.02 to about 0.13 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.03 to about 0.13 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.04to about 0.13 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.05 to about 0.13oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.06 to about 0.13 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.07 to about 0.13 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.08to about 0.13 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.09 to about 0.13oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.10 to about 0.13 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.11 to about 0.13 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.12to about 0.13 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.01 to about 0.12oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.02 to about 0.12 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.03 to about 0.12 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.04to about 0.12 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.05 to about 0.12oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.06 to about 0.12 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.07 to about 0.12 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.08to about 0.12 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.09 to about 0.12oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.10 to about 0.12 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.11 to about 0.12 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.01to about 0.11 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.02 to about 0.11oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.03 to about 0.11 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.04 to about 0.11 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.05to about 0.11 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.06 to about 0.11oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.07 to about 0.11 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.08 to about 0.11 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.09to about 0.11 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.10 to about 0.11oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.01 to about 0.10 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.02 to about 0.10 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.03to about 0.10 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.04 to about 0.10oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.05 to about 0.10 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.06 to about 0.10 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.07to about 0.10 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.08 to about 0.10oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.09 to about 0.10 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.01 to about 0.09 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.02to about 0.09 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.03 to about 0.09oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.04 to about 0.09 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.05 to about 0.09 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.06to about 0.09 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.07 to about 0.09oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.08 to about 0.09 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.01 to about 0.08 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.02to about 0.08 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.03 to about 0.08oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.04 to about 0.08 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.05 to about 0.08 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.06to about 0.08 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.07 to about 0.08oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.01 to about 0.07 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.02 to about 0.07 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.03to about 0.07 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.04 to about 0.07oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.05 to about 0.07 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.06 to about 0.07 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.01to about 0.06 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.02 to about 0.06oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.03 to about 0.06 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.04 to about 0.06 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.05to about 0.06 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.01 to about 0.05oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.02 to about 0.05 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.03 to about 0.05 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.04to about 0.05 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.01 to about 0.04oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.02 to about 0.04 oz/1000 square ft,or from about 0.03 to about 0.04 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.01to about 0.03 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.02 to about 0.03oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.01 to about 0.02 oz/1000 square ft.In selected embodiments, boscalid may be used or applied to the plantat, for example, about 0.01 oz/1000 square ft, or about 0.02 oz/1000square ft, or about 0.03 oz/1000 square ft, or about 0.04 oz/1000 squareft, or about 0.05 oz/1000 square ft, or about 0.06 oz/1000 square ft, orabout 0.07 oz/1000 square ft, or about 0.08 oz/1000 square ft, or about0.09 oz/1000 square ft, or about 0.10 oz/1000 square ft, or about 0.11oz/1000 square ft, or about 0.12 oz/1000 square ft, or about 0.13oz/1000 square ft, or about 0.14 oz/1000 square ft, or about 0.15oz/1000 square ft, or about 0.16 oz/1000 square ft, or about 0.17oz/1000 square ft, or about 0.18 oz/1000. In alternative embodiments,boscalid may be used or applied to the plant at, for example, about 0.09oz/1000 square ft, or about 0.045 oz/1000 square ft.

In selected embodiments, boscalid may be used or applied to the plant atan interval rate of, for example, from 1 day to 90 days, or from 1 dayto 60 days, or from 1 day to 30 days, or from 1 day to 21 days, or from1 day to 14 days, or from 1 day to 7 days, or from 7 days to 90 days, orfrom 7 days to 60 days, or from 7 days to 30 days, or from 7 days to 21days, or from 7 days to 14 days, from 14 days to 90 days, from 14 daysto 60 days, from 14 days to 30 days, or from 14 days to 21 days, or 1day, or 2 days, or 3 days, or 4 days, or 5 days, or 6 days, or 7 days,or 8 days, or 9 days, or 10 days, or 11 days, or 12 days, or 13 days, or14 days, or 15 days, or 16 days, or 17 days, or 18 days, or 19 days, or20 days, or 21 days, or 22 days, or 23 days, or 24 days, or 25 days, or26 days, or 27 days, or 28 days, or 29 days, or 30 days, or 31 days, or32 days, or 33 days, or 34 days, or 35 days, or 36 days, or 37 days, or38 days, or 39 days, or 40 days, or 41 days, or 42 days, or 43 days, or44 days, or 45 days, or 46 days, or 47 days, or 48 days, or 49 days, or50 days, or 51 days, or 52 days, or 53 days, or 54 days, or 55 days, or56 days, or 57 days, or 58 days, or 59 days, or 60 days, or 61 days, or62 days, or 63 days, or 64 days, or 65 days, or 66 days, or 67 days, or68 days, or 69 days, or 70 days, or 71 days, or 72 days, or 73 days, or74 days, or 75 days, or 76 days, or 77 days, or 78 days, or 79 days, or80 days, or 81 days, or 82 days, or 83 days, or 84 days, or 85 days, or86 days, or 87 days, or 88 days, or 89 days, or 90 days.

In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil and boscalid may bepresent in the fungicidal composition in a weight ratio ofboscalid:paraffinic oil that is synergistically effective. In selectedembodiments, the paraffinic oil and boscalid may be used or applied tothe plant in a weight ratio of boscalid:paraffinic oil that issynergistically effective. In selected embodiments, the paraffinic oiland boscalid may be used or applied to the plant in a weight ratio ofboscalid:paraffinic oil of, for example, from about 0.12:3 to about0.12:32, or from about 0.12:4 to about 0.12:32, or about 0.12:3, orabout 0.12:4, or about 0.12:5, or about 0.12:6, or about 0.12:7, orabout 0.12:8, or about 0.12:9, or about 0.12:10, or about 0.12:11, orabout 0.12:12, or about 0.12:13, or about 0.12:14, or about 0.12:15, orabout 0.12:16, or about 0.12:17, or about 0.12:18, or about 0.12:19, orabout 0.12:20, or about 0.12:21, or about 0.12:22, or about 0.12:23, orabout 0.12:24, or about 0.12:25, or about 0.12:26, or about 0.12:27, orabout 0.12:28, or about 0.12:29, or about 0.12:30, or about 0.12:31, orabout 0.12:32. In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil andboscalid may be used or applied to the plant in a weight ratio ofboscalid:paraffinic oil of, for example, from about 0.02:1 to about0.02:32, or from about 0.02:2 to about 0.02:32, or about 0.02:1, orabout 0.02:2, or about 0.02:3, or about 0.02:4, or about 0.02:5, orabout 0.02:6, or about 0.02:7, or about 0.02:8, or about 0.02:9, orabout 0.02:10, or about 0.02:11, or about 0.02:12, or about 0.02:13, orabout 0.02:14, or about 0.02:15, or about 0.02:16, or about 0.02:17, orabout 0.02:18, or about 0.02:19, or about 0.02:20, or about 0.02:21, orabout 0.02:22, or about 0.02:23, or about 0.02:24, or about 0.02:25, orabout 0.02:26, or about 0.02:27, or about 0.02:28, or about 0.02:29, orabout 0.02:30, or about 0.02:31, or about 0.02:32.

In selected embodiments, the pigment may be used or applied to the plantat, for example, from about 0.1 to about 3.0 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 0.2 to about 3.0 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.3 to about 3.0oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.4 to about 3.0 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.5 to about 3.0 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.6 toabout 3.0 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.7 to about 3.0 oz/1000square ft, or from about 0.8 to about 3.0 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 0.9 to about 3.0 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1.0 to about 3.0oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1.2 to about 3.0 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 1.4 to about 3.0 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1.6 toabout 3.0 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1.8 to about 3.0 oz/1000square ft, or from about 2.0 to about 3.0 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 2.2 to about 3.0 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 2.4 to about 3.0oz/1000 square ft, or from about 2.6 to about 3.0 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2.8 to about 3.0 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.1 toabout 2.8 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 2.8 oz/1000square ft, or from about 0.3 to about 2.8 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 0.4 to about 2.8 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.5 to about 2.8oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.6 to about 2.8 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.7 to about 2.8 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.8 toabout 2.8 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about 2.8 oz/1000square ft, or from about 1.0 to about 2.8 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 1.2 to about 2.8 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1.4 to about 2.8oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1.6 to about 2.8 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 1.8 to about 2.8 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 2.0 toabout 2.8 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 2.2 to about 2.8 oz/1000square ft, or from about 2.4 to about 2.8 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 2.6 to about 2.8 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.1 to about 2.6oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 2.6 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.3 to about 2.6 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.4 toabout 2.6 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.5 to about 2.6 oz/1000square ft, or from about 0.6 to about 2.6 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 0.7 to about 2.6 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.8 to about 2.6oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about 2.6 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 1.0 to about 2.6 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1.2 toabout 2.6 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1.4 to about 2.6 oz/1000square ft, or from about 1.6 to about 2.6 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 1.8 to about 2.6 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 2.0 to about 2.6oz/1000 square ft, or from about 2.2 to about 2.6 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2.4 to about 2.6 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.1 toabout 2.4 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 2.4 oz/1000square ft, or from about 0.3 to about 2.4 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 0.4 to about 2.4 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.5 to about 2.4oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.6 to about 2.4 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.7 to about 2.4 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.8 toabout 2.4 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about 2.4 oz/1000square ft, or from about 1.0 to about 2.4 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 1.2 to about 2.4 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1.4 to about 2.4oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1.6 to about 2.4 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 1.8 to about 2.4 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 2.0 toabout 2.4 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 2.2 to about 2.4 oz/1000square ft, or from about 0.1 to about 2.2 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 0.2 to about 2.2 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.3 to about 2.2oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.4 to about 2.2 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.5 to about 2.2 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.6 toabout 2.2 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.7 to about 2.2 oz/1000square ft, or from about 0.8 to about 2.2 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 0.9 to about 2.2 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1.0 to about 2.2oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1.2 to about 2.2 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 1.4 to about 2.2 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1.6 toabout 2.2 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1.8 to about 2.2 oz/1000square ft, or from about 2.0 to about 2.2 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 0.1 to about 2.0 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 2.0oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.3 to about 2.0 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.4 to about 2.0 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.5 toabout 2.0 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.6 to about 2.0 oz/1000square ft, or from about 0.7 to about 2.0 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 0.8 to about 2.0 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about 2.0oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1.0 to about 2.0 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 1.2 to about 2.0 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1.4 toabout 2.0 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1.6 to about 2.0 oz/1000square ft, or from about 1.8 to about 2.0 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 0.1 to about 1.8 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 1.8oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.3 to about 1.8 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.4 to about 1.8 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.5 toabout 1.8 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.6 to about 1.8 oz/1000square ft, or from about 0.7 to about 1.8 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 0.8 to about 1.8 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about 1.8oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1.0 to about 1.8 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 1.2 to about 1.8 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1.4 toabout 1.8 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1.6 to about 1.8 oz/1000square ft, or from about 0.1 to about 1.6 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 0.2 to about 1.6 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.3 to about 1.6oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.4 to about 1.6 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.5 to about 1.6 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.6 toabout 1.6 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.7 to about 1.6 oz/1000square ft, or from about 0.8 to about 1.6 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 0.9 to about 1.6 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1.0 to about 1.6oz/1000 square ft, or from about 1.2 to about 1.6 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 1.4 to about 1.6 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.1 toabout 1.4 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 1.4 oz/1000square ft, or from about 0.3 to about 1.4 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 0.4 to about 1.4 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.5 to about 1.4oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.6 to about 1.4 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.7 to about 1.4 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.8 toabout 1.4 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about 1.4 oz/1000square ft, or from about 1.0 to about 1.4 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 1.2 to about 1.4 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.1 to about 1.2oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 1.2 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.3 to about 1.2 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.4 toabout 1.2 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.5 to about 1.2 oz/1000square ft, or from about 0.6 to about 1.2 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 0.7 to about 1.2 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.8 to about 1.2oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about 1.2 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 1.0 to about 1.2 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.1 toabout 1.0 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 1.0 oz/1000square ft, or from about 0.3 to about 1.0 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 0.4 to about 1.0 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.5 to about 1.0oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.6 to about 1.0 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.7 to about 1.0 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.8 toabout 1.0 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.9 to about 1.0 oz/1000square ft, or from about 0.1 to about 0.9 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 0.2 to about 0.9 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.3 to about 0.9oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.4 to about 0.9 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.5 to about 0.9 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.6 toabout 0.9 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.7 to about 0.9 oz/1000square ft, or from about 0.8 to about 0.9 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 0.1 to about 0.8 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 0.8oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.3 to about 0.8 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.4 to about 0.8 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.5 toabout 0.8 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.6 to about 0.8 oz/1000square ft, or from about 0.7 to about 0.8 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 0.1 to about 0.7 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 0.7oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.3 to about 0.7 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.4 to about 0.7 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.5 toabout 0.7 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.6 to about 0.7 oz/1000square ft, or from about 0.1 to about 0.6 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 0.2 to about 0.6 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.3 to about 0.6oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.4 to about 0.6 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.5 to about 0.6 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.1 toabout 0.5 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 0.5 oz/1000square ft, or from about 0.3 to about 0.5 oz/1000 square ft, or fromabout 0.4 to about 0.5 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.1 to about 0.4oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 0.4 oz/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.3 to about 0.4 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.1 toabout 0.3 oz/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 0.3 oz/1000square ft, or from about 0.1 to about 0.2 oz/1000 square ft, or about0.1 oz/1000 square ft, or about 0.2 oz/1000 square ft, or about 0.3oz/1000 square ft, or about 0.4 oz/1000 square ft, or about 0.5 oz/1000square ft, or about 0.6 oz/1000 square ft, or about 0.7 oz/1000 squareft, or about 0.8 oz/1000 square ft, or about 0.9 oz/1000 square ft, orabout 1.0 oz/1000 square ft, or about 1.1 oz/1000 square ft, or about1.2 oz/1000 square ft, or about 1.3 oz/1000 square ft, or about 1.4oz/1000 square ft, or about 1.5 oz/1000 square ft, or about 1.6 oz/1000square ft, or about 1.7 oz/1000 square ft, or about 1.8 oz/1000 squareft, or about 1.9 oz/1000 square ft, or about 2.0 oz/1000 square ft, orabout 2.1 oz/1000 square ft, or about 2.2 oz/1000 square ft, or about2.3 oz/1000 square ft, or about 2.4 oz/1000 square ft, or about 2.5oz/1000 square ft, or about 2.6 oz/1000 square ft, or about 2.7 oz/1000square ft, or about 2.8 oz/1000 square ft, or about 2.9 oz/1000 squareft, or about 3.0 oz/1000 square ft.

In selected embodiments, the pigment may be used or applied to the plantat an interval rate of, for example, from 1 day to 90 days, or from 1day to 60 days, or from 1 day to 30 days, or from 1 day to 21 days, orfrom 1 day to 14 days, or from 1 day to 7 days, or from 7 days to 90days, or from 7 days to 60 days, or from 7 days to 30 days, or from 7days to 21 days, or from 7 days to 14 days, from 14 days to 90 days,from 14 days to 60 days, from 14 days to 30 days, or from 14 days to 21days, or 1 day, or 2 days, or 3 days, or 4 days, or 5 days, or 6 days,or 7 days, or 8 days, or 9 days, or 10 days, or 11 days, or 12 days, or13 days, or 14 days, or 15 days, or 16 days, or 17 days, or 18 days, or19 days, or 20 days, or 21 days, or 22 days, or 23 days, or 24 days, or25 days, or 26 days, or 27 days, or 28 days, or 29 days, or 30 days, or31 days, or 32 days, or 33 days, or 34 days, or 35 days, or 36 days, or37 days, or 38 days, or 39 days, or 40 days, or 41 days, or 42 days, or43 days, or 44 days, or 45 days, or 46 days, or 47 days, or 48 days, or49 days, or 50 days, or 51 days, or 52 days, or 53 days, or 54 days, or55 days, or 56 days, or 57 days, or 58 days, or 59 days, or 60 days, or61 days, or 62 days, or 63 days, or 64 days, or 65 days, or 66 days, or67 days, or 68 days, or 69 days, or 70 days, or 71 days, or 72 days, or73 days, or 74 days, or 75 days, or 76 days, or 77 days, or 78 days, or79 days, or 80 days, or 81 days, or 82 days, or 83 days, or 84 days, or85 days, or 86 days, or 87 days, or 88 days, or 89 days, or 90 days.

In alternative embodiments, the paraffinic oil and the pigment may bepresent in the fungicidal composition in a weight ratio of paraffinicoil:pigment that is synergistically effective. In selected embodiments,the paraffinic oil and the pigment may be present in a weight ratio ofparaffinic oil:pigment of, for example, about 10:1, or about 10.5:1, orabout 11:1, or about 11.5:1, or about 12:1, or about 12.5:1, or about13:1, or about 13.5:1, or about 14:1, or about 14.5:1, or about 15:1, orabout 15.5:1, or about 16:1, or about 16.5:1, or about 17:1, or about17.5:1, or about 18:1, or about 18.5:1, or about 19:1, or about 19.5:1,or about 20:1, or about 20.5:1, or about 21:1, or about 21.5:1, or about22:1. In selected embodiments, the paraffinic oil and the pigment may beused or applied to the plant in a weight ratio of paraffinic oil:pigmentthat is synergistically effective. In selected embodiments, theparaffinic oil and the pigment may be used or applied to the plant in aweight ratio of paraffinic oil:pigment of, for example, about 10:1, orabout 10.5:1, or about 11:1, or about 11.5:1, or about 12:1, or about12.5:1, or about 13:1, or about 13.5:1, or about 14:1, or about 14.5:1,or about 15:1, or about 15.5:1, or about 16:1, or about 16.5:1, or about17:1, or about 17.5:1, or about 18:1, or about 18.5:1, or about 19:1, orabout 19.5:1, or about 20:1, or about 20.5:1, or about 21:1, or about21.5:1, or about 22:1.

In selected embodiments, the composition may be applied to the plant ata total spray volume of from about 0.2 to about 7.0 gallons/1000 squareft, or from about 0.4 to about 7.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about0.8 to about 7.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.2 to about 7.0gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.6 to about 7.0 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 2.0 to about 7.0 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2.4 to about 7.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 2.8 toabout 7.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.0 to about 7.0gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.2 to about 7.0 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 3.6 to about 7.0 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 4.0 to about 7.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 4.4 toabout 7.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 4.8 to about 7.0gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 5.0 to about 7.0 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 5.2 to about 7.0 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 5.6 to about 7.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 6.0 toabout 7.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 6.4 to about 7.0gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 6.8 to about 7.0 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 6.8 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.4 to about 6.8 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.8 toabout 6.8 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.2 to about 6.8gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.6 to about 6.8 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 2.0 to about 6.8 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2.4 to about 6.8 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 2.8 toabout 6.8 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.0 to about 6.8gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.2 to about 6.8 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 3.6 to about 6.8 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 4.0 to about 6.8 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 4.4 toabout 6.8 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 4.8 to about 6.8gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 5.0 to about 6.8 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 5.2 to about 6.8 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 5.6 to about 6.8 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 6.0 toabout 6.8 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 6.4 to about 6.8gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 6.4 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 0.4 to about 6.4 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.8 to about 6.4 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.2 toabout 6.4 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.6 to about 6.4gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 2.0 to about 6.4 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 2.4 to about 6.4 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2.8 to about 6.4 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.0 toabout 6.4 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.2 to about 6.4gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.6 to about 6.4 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 4.0 to about 6.4 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 4.4 to about 6.4 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 4.8 toabout 6.4 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 5.0 to about 6.4gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 5.2 to about 6.4 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 5.6 to about 6.4 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 6.0 to about 6.4 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 toabout 6.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.4 to about 6.0gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.8 to about 6.0 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 1.2 to about 6.0 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 1.6 to about 6.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 2.0 toabout 6.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 2.4 to about 6.0gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 2.8 to about 6.0 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 3.0 to about 6.0 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 3.2 to about 6.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.6 toabout 6.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 4.0 to about 6.0gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 4.4 to about 6.0 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 4.8 to about 6.0 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 5.0 to about 6.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 5.2 toabout 6.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 5.6 to about 6.0gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 5.6 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 0.4 to about 5.6 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.8 to about 5.6 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.2 toabout 5.6 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.6 to about 5.6gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 2.0 to about 5.6 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 2.4 to about 5.6 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2.8 to about 5.6 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.0 toabout 5.6 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.2 to about 5.6gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.6 to about 5.6 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 4.0 to about 5.6 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 4.4 to about 5.6 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 4.8 toabout 5.6 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 5.0 to about 5.6gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 5.2 to about 5.6 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 5.2 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.4 to about 5.2 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.8 toabout 5.2 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.2 to about 5.2gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.6 to about 5.2 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 2.0 to about 5.2 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2.4 to about 5.2 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 2.8 toabout 5.2 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.0 to about 5.2gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.2 to about 5.2 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 3.6 to about 5.2 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 4.0 to about 5.2 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 4.4 toabout 5.2 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 4.8 to about 5.2gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 5.0 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.4 to about 5.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.8 toabout 5.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.2 to about 5.0gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.6 to about 5.0 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 2.0 to about 5.0 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2.4 to about 5.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 2.8 toabout 5.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.0 to about 5.0gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.2 to about 5.0 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 3.6 to about 5.0 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 4.0 to about 5.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 4.4 toabout 5.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 4.8 to about 5.0gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 4.8 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 0.4 to about 4.8 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.8 to about 4.8 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.2 toabout 4.8 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.6 to about 4.8gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 2.0 to about 4.8 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 2.4 to about 4.8 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2.8 to about 4.8 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.0 toabout 4.8 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.2 to about 4.8gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.6 to about 4.8 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 4.0 to about 4.8 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 4.4 to about 4.8 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 toabout 4.4 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.4 to about 4.4gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.8 to about 4.4 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 1.2 to about 4.4 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 1.6 to about 4.4 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 2.0 toabout 4.4 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 2.4 to about 4.4gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 2.8 to about 4.4 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 3.0 to about 4.4 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 3.2 to about 4.4 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.6 toabout 4.4 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 4.0 to about 4.4gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 4.0 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 0.4 to about 4.0 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.8 to about 4.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.2 toabout 4.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.6 to about 4.0gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 2.0 to about 4.0 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 2.4 to about 4.0 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2.8 to about 4.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.0 toabout 4.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.2 to about 4.0gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.6 to about 4.0 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 3.6 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.4 to about 3.6 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.8 toabout 3.6 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.2 to about 3.6gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.6 to about 3.6 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 2.0 to about 3.6 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2.4 to about 3.6 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 2.8 toabout 3.6 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.0 to about 3.6gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.2 to about 3.6 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 3.2 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.4 to about 3.2 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.8 toabout 3.2 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.2 to about 3.2gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.6 to about 3.2 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 2.0 to about 3.2 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2.4 to about 3.2 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 2.8 toabout 3.2 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 3.0 to about 3.2gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 3.0 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 0.4 to about 3.0 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.8 to about 3.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.2 toabout 3.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.6 to about 3.0gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 2.0 to about 3.0 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 2.4 to about 3.0 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 2.8 to about 3.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 toabout 2.8 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.4 to about 2.8gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.8 to about 2.8 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 1.2 to about 2.8 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 1.6 to about 2.8 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 2.0 toabout 2.8 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 2.4 to about 2.8gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 2.4 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 0.4 to about 2.4 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.8 to about 2.4 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.2 toabout 2.4 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.6 to about 2.4gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 2.0 to about 2.4 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 2.0 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.4 to about 2.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.8 toabout 2.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.2 to about 2.0gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.6 to about 2.0 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 1.6 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.4 to about 1.6 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.8 toabout 1.6 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 1.2 to about 1.6gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 1.2 gallons/1000square ft, or from about 0.4 to about 1.2 gallons/1000 square ft, orfrom about 0.8 to about 1.2 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 toabout 0.8 gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.4 to about 0.8gallons/1000 square ft, or from about 0.2 to about 0.4 gallons/1000square ft, or about 0.2 gallons/1000 square ft, or about 0.4gallons/1000 square ft, or about 0.8 gallons/1000 square ft, or about1.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or about 1.2 gallons/1000 square ft, orabout 1.6 gallons/1000 square ft, or about 2.0 gallons/1000 square ft,or about 2.4 gallons/1000 square ft, or about 2.8 gallons/1000 squareft, or about 3.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or about 3.2 gallons/1000square ft, or about 3.6 gallons/1000 square ft, or about 4.0gallons/1000 square ft, or about 4.4 gallons/1000 square ft, or about4.8 gallons/1000 square ft, or about 5.0 gallons/1000 square ft, orabout 5.2 gallons/1000 square ft, or about 5.6 gallons/1000 square ft,or about 6.0 gallons/1000 square ft, or about 6.4 gallons/1000 squareft, or about 6.8 gallons/1000 square ft, or about 7.0 gallons/1000square ft.

The composition may also include, for example, customary additives oradjuvants for the preparation of composition in the field of turf orfield crop protection. The composition may comprise, for example, asurfactant, a dispersant, a wetter, a thickener, an organic solvent, acosolvent, an antifoam, a carboxylic acid, a preservative, a stabilizerand the like.

As used herein, the term “control” or “controlling” is used to refer topreventing, destroying, repelling, mitigating or treating plantdiseases, such as diseases caused by turfgrass pathogens. In selectedembodiments, the plant disease may be caused by, for example, a fungalpathogen. In alternative embodiments, the fungal pathogen may be, forexample, a fungus that blights leaf tissue in a turfgrass. Inalternative embodiments, the fungal pathogen may be, for example,Sclerotinia homoeocarpa or Ophiosphaerella agrostis or a combinationthereof. In selected embodiments, the disease may be, for example,dollar spot or bentgrass dead spot or bermudagrass dead spot or acombination thereof. In selected embodiments, the turfgass pathogen isthe fungal pathogen Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, and the disease may be, forexample, dollar spot. In alternative embodiments, the turfgrass pathogenis the fungal pathogen Ophiosphaerella agrostis, and the disease may be,for example, bentgrass dead spot or bermudagrass dead spot. Inalternative embodiments, the turfgrass pathogen is the fungal pathogenOphiosphaerella agrostis, and the disease may be, for example, bentgrassdead spot. In alternative embodiments, the turfgrass pathogen is thefungal pathogen Ophiosphaerella agrostis, and the disease may be, forexample, bermudagrass dead spot.

As used herein, the term “turfgrass” refers to a cultivated grass thatprovides groundcover, for example a turf or lawn that is periodicallycut or mowed to maintain a consistent height. Grasses belong to thePoaceae family, which is subdivided into six subfamilies, three of whichinclude common turfgrasses: the Festucoideae subfamily of cool-seasonturfgrasses; and the Panicoideae and Eragrostoideae subfamilies ofwarm-season turfgrasses. A limited number of species are in widespreaduse as turfgrasses, generally meeting the criteria of forming uniformsoil coverage and tolerating mowing and traffic. In general, turfgrasseshave a compressed crown that facilitates mowing without cutting off thegrowing point. In the context of the present invention, the term“turfgrass” includes areas in which one or more grass species arecultivated to form relatively uniform soil coverage, including blendsthat are a combination of differing cultivars of the same species, ormixtures that are a combination of differing species and/or cultivars.For example, turfgrasses may include one or more of the followinggrasses: bluegrasses (Poa spp.), such as kentucky bluegrass (Poapratensis), rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis), Canada bluegrass (Poacompressa), annual bluegrass (Poa annua), upland bluegrass (Poaglaucantha), wood bluegrass (Poa nemoralis), bulbous bluegrass (Poabulbosa), Big Bluegrass (Poa ampla), Canby Bluegrass (Poa canbyi), PineBluegrass (Poa scabrella), Rough Bluegrass (Poa trivialis), SandbergBluegrass (Poa secunda); the bentgrasses and Redtop (Agrostis spp.),such as creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris), colonial bentgrass(Agrostis capillaris), velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina), South GermanMixed Bentgrass (Agrostis spp. including Agrostis tenius, Agrostiscanina, and Agrostis palustris), Redtop (Agrostis alba), Spike Bentgrass(Agrostis exerata); the fescues (Festucu spp.), such as red fescue(Festuca rubra spp. rubra) creeping fescue (Festuca rubra), chewingsfescue (Festuca rubra commutata), sheep fescue (Festuca ovina var.ovina), hard fescue (Festuca longifolia), hair fescue (Festucucapillata), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), meadow fescue (Festucaelatior), Arizona Fescue (Festuca arizonica), Foxtail Fescue (Festucamegalura), Idaho Fescue (Festuca idahoensis), Molate Fescue (Fescuerubra); the ryegrasses (Lolium spp.), such as annual ryegrass (Loliummultiflorum), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), and italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum); the wheatgrasses (Agropyron spp.), such as crestedwheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), desert wheatgrass (Agropyrondesertorum), western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii), IntermediateWheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium), Pubescent Wheatgrass (Agropyrontrichophorum), Slender Wheatgrass (Agropyron trachycaulum), StreambankWheatgrass (Agropyron riparium), Tall Wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum),and Bluebunch Wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum); beachgrass (Ammophilabreviligulata); Brome grasses (Bromus spp.), such as Arizona Brome(Bromus arizonicus), California Brome (Bromus carinatus), Meadow Brome(Bromus biebersteinii), Mountain Brome (Bromus marginatus), Red Brome(Bromus rubens), and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis); cattails suchas Timothy (Phleum pratense), and sand cattail (Phleum subulatum);orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata); Alkaligrass (Puccinellia distans);crested dog's-tail (Cynosurus cristatus); Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.such as Cynodon dactylon); hybrid bermudagrass (such as Cynodondactylon×C. transvaalensis); Zoysiagrasses (Zoysia spp.) such as Zoysiajaponica, Zoysia matrella, and Zoysia tenuifolia; St. Augustinegrass(Stenotaphrum secundatum); Centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides);Carpetgrass (Axonopus fissifolius); Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum);Kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum); Buffalograss (Buchloedactyloids); Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum); Blue Grama(Bouteloua gracilis); Black Grama (Bouteloua eriopoda); Sideoats Grama(Bouteloua curtipendula); Sporobolus spp., such as Alkali Sacaton(Sporobolus airiodes), Sand Dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus), andPrairie Dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis); Hordeum spp., such asCalifornia Barley (Hordeum californicum), Common Barley (Hordeumvulgare), and Meadow Barley (Hordeum brachyantherum); Alopecurus spp.,such as Creeping Foxtail (Alopecurus arundinaceaus), and Meadow Foxtail(Alopecurus pratensis); Stipa spp., such as Needle & Thread (Stipacomata), Foothill Needlegrass (Stipa lepida), Green Needlegrass (Stipaviridula), Nodding Needlegrass (Stipa cernua), and Purple Needlegrass(Stipa pulchra); Elymus spp., such as Blue Wildrye (Elymus glaucus),Canada Wildrye (Elymus Canadensis), Creeping Wildrye (Elymustriticoides), and Russian Wildrye (Elymus junceus); Buffelgrass(Cenchrus ciliaris); Big Quaking Grass (Briza maxima); Big Bluestem(Andropogon gerardii), Little Bluestem (Schizachyruim scoparium, andSand Bluestem (Andropogon hallii); Deergrass (Muhlenbergia rigens);Eastern Gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides); Galleta (Hilaria jamesii);Galleta (Hilaria jamesii); Tufted Hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa);Indian Rice Grass (Oryzopsis hymenoides); Indian Grass (Sorghastrumnutans); Sand Lovegrass (Eragrostis trichodes); Weeping Lovegrass(Eragrostis curvula); California Melic (Melica californica); PrairieJunegrass (Koeleria pyramidata); Prairie Sandreed (Calamovilfalongifolia); Redtop (Agrostis alba); Reed Canarygrass (Phalarisarundinacea); Sloughgrass (Spartina pectinata); Green Sprangletop(Leptochloa dubia); Bottlebush Squirreltail (Sitanion hystrix); PanicumSwitchgrass (virgatum); and Purple Threeawn (Aristida purpurea).

In selected embodiments, the turfgrass may be, for example, bentgrass,bluegrass, ryegrass, fescue, bermudagrass, paspalum or bahiagrass,zoysia, beachgrass, wheatgrass, carpetgrass, or any combinationsthereof. In an embodiment, the turfgrass may be, for example, creepingbentgrass, colonial bentgrass, perennial ryegrass, annual ryegrass,Kentucky bluegrass, common bermudagrass, hybrid bermudagrass, annualbluegrass, seashore paspalum, St. Augustinegrass, tall fescue,bahiagrass, zoysiagrass, centipedegrass, rough stalk bluegrass, buffalograss, blue grama, annual bentgrass, redtop, velvet bentgrass, coastalbermudagrass, magennis bermudagrass, blue couch grass, smooth crabgrass,sheep fescue, hard fescue, red fescue, chewing fescue, common velvetgrass, Italian ryegrass, Texas bluegrass, plains bluegrass, seasidealkali-grass, muscarene grass, or any combinations thereof. In anembodiment, the turfgrass may be, for example, bentgrass, bermudagrass,hybrid bermudagrass, or any combinations thereof. In an embodiment, theturfgrass may be, for example, bentgrass. In another embodiment, theturfgrass may be, for example, bermudagrass or hybrid bermudagrass or acombination thereof. In an embodiment, the turfgrass may be, forexample, creeping bentgrass, colonial bentgrass, velvet bentgrass,roughstalk bluegrass, hybrid bermudagrass, or any combinations thereof.In an embodiment, the turfgrass may be, for example, creeping bentgrass,annual bluegrass, or any combinations thereof. In an embodiment, theturfgrass may be, for example, creeping bentgrass. In an embodiment, theturfgrass may be, for example, annual bluegrass. The term turfgrassencompasses areas having differing intensities of cultivation, such asparks, golf courses, sports fields, sod farms, roadsides, and lawns forhousing residences, commercial sites, and institutional grounds. Aselected embodiment involves the control of dollar spot on annualbluegrass or creeping bentgrass or a combination thereof, particularlyon golf courses. A selected embodiment involves control of bentgrassdead spot or bermudagrass dead spot on bentgrass or hybrid bermudagrassor a combination thereof, particularly on golf courses, for example, ongolf course greens.

The present invention includes isomers such as geometrical isomers,optical isomers based on asymmetric carbon, stereoisomers and tautomersand is not limited by the description of the formula illustrated for thesake of convenience.

Various alternative embodiments and examples of the invention aredescribed herein. These embodiments and examples are illustrative, andnot limiting.

EXAMPLES

General Methodologies

Studies were established in a completely randomized design with threereplications. The treatments included an untreated (fertilizer only)treatment and twenty-three rate/interval combinations of Civitas™ andEmerald™. The label-recommended rates of Civitas™ application to controldollar spot on turfgrass are 8-32 oz/1000 sq.ft. The label-recommendedrate of Emerald™ application to control dollar spot on turfgrass is 0.13oz/1000 sq.ft.

Initial treatments were made on June 16 and continued for 15 weeks(final treatments were made on September 27). Treatments were applied toexperimental plots (4′×4′) on a mixed stand of creeping bentgrass/annualbluegrass (Agrostis palustris/Poa annua) grown on a sand-based puttinggreen (pH=8.2). Applications were made with a handheld CO₂ sprayer at 40psi (276 kPa) fitted with TeeJet™ XR8015 nozzles calibrated to deliver 2gallons (7.6 liters) of water per 1,000 ft² (92.9 m²).

Golf traffic was simulated daily during the season using a modifiedtraffic device with two 0.5 meter diameter rollers that spin atdifferent speeds to create slipping motion. The rollers were fitted withSoftSpikes. The amount of spikes and passes used were designed tosimulate 30,000 rounds of golf.

The turf was mowed seven times per week at 0.115″ and clippings werecollected. Fertility program included ammonium sulfate, iron sulfate andPrimo MAXX™ plant growth regulator (available from Syngenta CropProtection, Inc. Greensboro, N.C., U.S.A) applied every 7-10 days.Annual nitrogen rate was 2.5 lbs per 1000 sq feet, iron was applied at2-4 ounces per application and Primo MAXX™ at 0.125 ounces of productper 1000 square feet per application. Straight sand topdressing (pH 8.0)was applied every 14 days, typically in conjunction with light verticalmowing or grooming.

Precipitation was such that supplemental irrigation was not required ona regular basis. Data were collected for turf quality and dollar spotdisease rates. Data analysis was conducted using linear mixed modelswith compound symmetric covariance structure to assess treatment effectswhen repeated measurements were made on the same experimental unit overtime. Treatment differences at individual measurement events wereevaluated using analysis of variance and Fisher's protected leastsignificant difference (LSD). The MIXED and GLM procedures in SAS/STATsoftware version 9.1 (SAS, Cary, N.C.) were used to perform theanalyses.

TABLE 1 Treatment application regimes Treatment Rate/1000 Interval (Trt)# Product (oz/1000) (days) 1 Untreated, fertilizer only — — 2Emerald^(a) 0.13 21 3 Emerald 0.065 21 4 Civitas^(b) + Harmonizer^(c)  8/0.5  7 5 Civitas + Harmonizer   8/0.5 14 6 Civitas + Harmonizer 16/114 7 Civitas + Harmonizer 16/1 21 8 Civitas + Harmonizer 12.75/1.8  21 9Civitas 1P 17.3 14 10 Civitas 1P 17.3 21 11 Emerald + Trt 4 0.13 21/7 12 Emerald + Trt 5 0.13 21/14 13 Emerald + Trt 6 0.13 21/14 14 Emerald +Trt 7 0.13 21 15 Emerald + Trt 8 0.13 21 16 Emerald + Trt 9 0.13 21/1417 Emerald + Trt 10 0.13 21 18 Emerald + Trt 4 0.065 21/7  19 Emerald +Trt 5 0.065 21/14 20 Emerald + Trt 6 0.065 21/14 21 Emerald + Trt 70.065 21 22 Emerald + Trt 8 0.065 21 23 Emerald + Trt 9 0.065 21/14 24Emerald + Trt 10 0.065 21 ^(a)Emerald ™ fungicide available from BASFCorporation, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA ^(b)Civitas ™ fungicideavailable from Petro-Canada, Mississauga, ON, Canada ^(c)CivitasHarmonizer ™ available from Petro-Canada, Mississauga, ON, CanadaDollar Spot

Three periods of dollar spot infection were observed. Treatments wereinitiated about seven weeks prior to the first evidence of dollar spotpressure. Initially, dollar spot pressure was observed to be low;however, it was observed to increase to very high pressure by the14^(th) week of the study.

TABLE 2a Effect of various treatments on number of dollar spots perplot. Treat- ment Rate/1000 Interval (Trt) # Product (oz/1000) (days)27-Jul 20-Aug 4-Sep 1 Untreated, — — 7.7 13.0 40.7 fertilizer only 2Emerald 0.13 21 0 0.7 10.7 3 Emerald 0.065 21 0 1.3 9.7 4 Civitas +  8/0.5  7 0 1.7 6.7 Harmonizer 5 Civitas +   8/0.5 14 2.7 10.0 17.7Harmonizer 6 Civitas + 16/1 14 1.7 7.0 14.0 Harmonizer 7 Civitas + 16/121 13.3 20.0 28.0 Harmonizer 8 Civitas + 12.75/1.8  21 1.0 5.7 12.0Harmonizer 9 Civitas 1P 17.3 14 0.7 5.3 15.0 10 Civitas 1P 17.3 21 2.78.9 14.7 11 Emerald + 0.13 21/7  0 0 0.7 Trt 4 12 Emerald + 0.13 21/14 00 1.3 Trt 5 13 Emerald + 0.13 21/14 0 0 0 Trt 6 14 Emerald + 0.13 21 0 00 Trt 7 15 Emerald + 0.13 21 0 0.3 3.3 Trt 8 16 Emerald + 0.13 21/14 0 04.7 Trt 9 17 Emerald + 0.13 21 0 0 1.7 Trt 10 18 Emerald + 0.065 21/7  00 0 Trt 4 19 Emerald + 0.065 21/14 0 0 0 Trt 5 20 Emerald + 0.065 21/140 0.3 4.3 Trt 6 21 Emerald + 0.065 21 0 0 4.0 Trt 7 22 Emerald + 0.06521 0 0.7 0.7 Trt 8 23 Emerald + 0.065 21/14 0 0 2.7 Trt 9 24 Emerald +0.065 21 0 0 3.0 Trt 10 LSD (p = 0.05) 6.8 9.5 14.8

Table 2a illustrates that neither boscalid alone nor CIVITAS alone arecapable of sustained elimination of dollar spot, while the combined useof the boscalid and CIVITAS achieves this result, even with half therecommended application rate of boscalid.

Table 2b illustrates that the efficacy of the combination of Emerald andCivitas in treating dollar spot exceeds the expected efficacy,evidencing a synergistic effect. Applying the approach to identifyingsynergy as set out in S. R. Colby, “Calculating synergistic andantagonistic responses of herbicide combinations”, Weeds 15, 20-22(1967), expected efficacy, E, may be expressed as: E=X+Y(100−X)/100,where X is the efficacy, expressed in % of the untreated control, of thefirst composition (boscalid), and Y is the efficacy, expressed in % ofthe untreated control, of the second composition (Civitas). Table 2bsets out the expected and actual efficacies for treatments 18 and 19 ofTable 2a, illustrating the synergistic effect found with half therecommended rate of boscalid application in combination with the lowestrate of Civitas application.

TABLE 2b Synergistic effect of various treatments on number of dollarspots per plot. 20-Aug 20-Aug 4-Sep 4-Sep Trt # Actual Expected ActualExpected 1 13.0 40.7 3 1.3 (90.0%) 9.7 (76.2%) 4 1.7 (86.9%) 6.7 (83.5%)5 10.0 (23.1%)  17.7 (56.5%)  18  0 (100%) 98.7%^(a)  0 (100%) 96.1%^(b)19  0 (100%) 92.3%^(c)  0 (100%) 89.6%^(d) ^(a)E = 90 + 86.9(100 −90)/100 ^(b)E = 76.2 + 83.5(100 − 76.2)/100 ^(c)E = 90 + 23.1(100 −90)/100 ^(d)E = 76.2 + 56.5(100 − 76.2)/100

TABLE 3a Effect of various treatments on season-long dollar spotinfestation. Treatment Rate/1000 Interval (Trt) # Product (oz/1000)(days) DS 1 Untreated — — 20.4 2 Emerald 0.13 21 3.8 3 Emerald 0.065 213.7 4 Civitas + Harmonizer   8/0.5  7 2.8 5 Civitas + Harmonizer   8/0.514 10.1 6 Civitas + Harmonizer 16/1 14 7.6 7 Civitas + Harmonizer 16/121 20.4 8 Civitas + Harmonizer 12.75/1.8  21 6.2 9 Civitas 1P 17.3 147.0 10 Civitas 1P 17.3 21 8.7 11 Emerald + Trt 4 0.13 21/7  0.2 12Emerald + Trt 5 0.13 21/14 0.4 13 Emerald + Trt 6 0.13 21/14 0 14Emerald + Trt 7 0.13 21 0 15 Emerald + Trt 8 0.13 21 1.2 16 Emerald +Trt 9 0.13 21/14 1.6 17 Emerald + Trt 10 0.13 21 0.6 18 Emerald + Trt 40.065 21/7  0 19 Emerald + Trt 5 0.065 21/14 0 20 Emerald + Trt 6 0.06521/14 1.6 21 Emerald + Trt 7 0.065 21 1.3 22 Emerald + Trt 8 0.065 210.4 23 Emerald + Trt 9 0.065 21/14 0.9 24 Emerald + Trt 10 0.065 21 1.0

TABLE 3b Synergistic effect of various treatments on season-long dollarspot infestation. Trt # Actual Expected 1 20.4 3 3.7 (81.9%) 4 2.8(86.3%) 5 10.1 (50.5%)  18 (3 + 4)  0 (100%) 97.5%^(a) 19 (3 + 5)  0(100%) 91.0%^(b) ^(a)E = 81.9 + 86.3(100 − 81.9)/100 ^(b)E = 81.9 +50.5(100 − 81.9)/100

Table 3b sets out the expected and actual efficacies for treatments 18and 19 of Table 3a, illustrating the season-long synergistic effectfound with half the recommended rate of boscalid application incombination with the lowest rate of Civitas application.

Turf Quality

Turf quality was assessed on three occasions using a scale of 1 to 9(where 1=poor quality; 9=excellent quality; and 6=acceptable quality).Significant treatment effects were observed on each rating date and forthe seasonal turfgrass quality ratings (Tables 4 and 5). As the studyprogressed, it was observed that the untreated plots struggled tomaintain acceptable quality, mostly the result of severe naturalinfestations of dollar spot.

TABLE 4 Effect of various treatments on turfgrass quality ratings.Treat- ment Rate/1000 Interval (Trt) # Product (oz/1000) (days) 29-Jun17-Jul 7-Aug 1 Untreated — — 6.0 5.4 5.0 2 Emerald 0.13 21 6.0 5.6 6.0 3Emerald 0.065 21 6.0 5.8 6.1 4 Civitas +   8/0.5  7 6.3 6.2 7.1Harmonizer 5 Civitas +   8/0.5 14 6.1 6.1 6.6 Harmonizer 6 Civitas +16/1 14 6.2 5.8 6.7 Harmonizer 7 Civitas + 16/1 21 6.0 5.8 6.7Harmonizer 8 Civitas + 12.75/1.8  21 6.7 6.5 6.8 Harmonizer 9 Civitas 1P17.3 14 6.2 5.7 6.2 10 Civitas 1P 17.3 21 6.0 5.8 6.2 11 Emerald + 0.1321/7  6.7 6.6 7.1 Trt 4 12 Emerald + 0.13 21/14 6.7 6.3 6.8 Trt 5 13Emerald + 0.13 21/14 6.6 6.5 6.8 Trt 6 14 Emerald + 0.13 21 6.4 6.1 6.7Trt 7 15 Emerald + 0.13 21 6.9 6.9 6.5 Trt 8 16 Emerald + 0.13 21/14 6.25.9 6.3 Trt 9 17 Emerald + 0.13 21 6.3 6.1 6.3 Trt 10 18 Emerald + 0.06521/7  7.1 6.8 7.1 Trt 4 19 Emerald + 0.065 21/14 6.8 6.5 6.8 Trt 5 20Emerald + 0.065 21/14 6.8 6.5 6.6 Trt 6 21 Emerald + 0.065 21 6.8 6.76.4 Trt 7 22 Emerald + 0.065 21 6.8 6.7 6.8 Trt 8 23 Emerald + 0.06521/14 6.0 5.9 6.8 Trt 9 24 Emerald + 0.065 21 5.9 5.8 6.4 Trt 10 LSD (p= 0.05) 0.6 0.8 0.3

TABLE 5 Effect of various treatments on season- long turfgrass qualityratings. Treatment Rate/1000 Interval (Trt) # Product (oz/1000) (days)TQ 1 Untreated, fertilizer only — — 5.5 2 Emerald 0.13 21 5.9 3 Emerald0.065 21 6.0 4 Civitas + Harmonizer   8/0.5  7 6.5 5 Civitas +Harmonizer   8/0.5 14 6.3 6 Civitas + Harmonizer 16/1 14 6.2 7 Civitas +Harmonizer 16/1 21 6.2 8 Civitas + Harmonizer 12.75/1.8  21 6.7 9Civitas 1P 17.3 14 6.0 10 Civitas 1P 17.3 21 6.0 11 Emerald + Trt 4 0.1321/7  6.8 12 Emerald + Trt 5 0.13 21/14 6.6 13 Emerald + Trt 6 0.1321/14 6.6 14 Emerald + Trt 7 0.13 21 6.4 15 Emerald + Trt 8 0.13 21 6.816 Emerald + Trt 9 0.13 21/14 6.1 17 Emerald + Trt 10 0.13 21 6.2 18Emerald + Trt 4 0.065 21/7  7.0 19 Emerald + Trt 5 0.065 21/14 6.7 20Emerald + Trt 6 0.065 21/14 6.6 21 Emerald + Trt 7 0.065 21 6.6 22Emerald + Trt 8 0.065 21 6.8 23 Emerald + Trt 9 0.065 21/14 6.2 24Emerald + Trt 10 0.065 21 6.0

Tables 4 and 5 together illustrate that the combined use of boscalid athalf the recommended rate and the lowest rate of Civitas applicationyielded the best results in terms of turfgrass quality, which wasachieved while completely eliminating dollar spot as illustrated inTables 2 and 3.

Although various embodiments of the invention are disclosed herein, manyadaptations and modifications may be made within the scope of theinvention in accordance with the common general knowledge of thoseskilled in this art. Such modifications include the substitution ofknown equivalents for any aspect of the invention in order to achievethe same result in substantially the same way.

Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. The word“comprising” is used herein as an open-ended term, substantiallyequivalent to the phrase “including, but not limited to”, and the word“comprises” has a corresponding meaning. As used herein, the singularforms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the contextclearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a thing”includes more than one such thing.

Citation of references herein is not an admission that such referencesare prior art to the present invention. Any priority document(s) and allpublications, including but not limited to patents and patentapplications, cited in this specification are incorporated herein byreference as if each individual publication were specifically andindividually indicated to be incorporated by reference herein and asthough fully set forth herein.

The invention includes all embodiments and variations substantially ashereinbefore described and with reference to the examples.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of controlling a fungal pathogen of aplant, the method comprising applying to the plant an emulsifier, aparaffinic oil, a pigment, and boscalid, wherein the paraffinic oil,pigment, and boscalid are applied in amounts that are synergisticallyeffective for controlling the fungal pathogen.
 2. The method accordingto claim 1, further comprising mixing two or more of the paraffinic oil,the emulsifier, the pigment, and boscalid before applying to the plant.3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the paraffinic oil comprisesa paraffin having a number of carbon atoms ranging from about 16 toabout
 35. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the paraffinic oilcomprises a paraffin having an average number of carbon atoms of about23.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the paraffinic oil has aparaffin content of at least about 80%.
 6. The method according to claim1, wherein the paraffinic oil has a paraffin content of at least about90%.
 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the paraffinic oil hasa paraffin content of at least about 99%.
 8. The method according toclaim 1, wherein the method further comprises applying a siliconesurfactant to the plant.
 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein thepigment is a polychlorinated (Cu II) phthalocyanine.
 10. The methodaccording to claim 8, wherein the emulsifier comprises a natural orsynthetic alcohol ethoxylate, an alcohol alkoxylate, an alkylpolysaccharide, a glycerol oleate, a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropyleneblock copolymer, an alkyl phenol ethoxylate, a polymeric surfactant, apolyethylene glycol, a sorbitan fatty acid ester ethoxylate, or acombination thereof.
 11. The method according to claim 8, wherein theemulsifier comprises a natural or synthetic alcohol ethoxylate, apolymeric surfactant, a sorbitan fatty acid ester, or a combinationthereof, and the composition further comprises a polyethylene glycolaccording to formula IV:R¹—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(f)—R² wherein R¹═H or CH₂═CH—CH₂ or COCH₃; R²═H orCH₂═CH—CH₂ or COCH₃; and f≧1.
 12. The method according to claim 1,wherein the fungal pathogen is at least one of a fungus that causesdollar spot in turfgrass and a fungus that causes bentgrass dead spot orbermudagrass dead spot in a turfgrass.
 13. The method according to claim1, wherein the fungal pathogen is a fungus that blights leaf tissue in aturfgrass.
 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fungalpathogen is a fungus that causes dollar spot in a turfgrass.
 15. Themethod according to claim 1, wherein the fungal pathogen is selectedfrom the group consisting of: Sclerotinia homoeocarpa andOphiosphaerella agrostis.
 16. The method according to claim 1, whereinthe plant is one or more of: bentgrass, bluegrass, ryegrass, fescue,bermudagrass, bahiagrass, zoysia, beachgrass, wheatgrass or carpetgrass.17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the plant is one or moreof: creeping bentgrass, colonial bentgrass, perennial ryegrass, annualryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, common bermudagrass, hybrid bermudagrass,annual bluegrass, seashore paspalum, St. Augustinegrass, tall fescue,bahiagrass, zoysiagrass, centipedegrass, rough stalk bluegrass, buffalograss, blue grama, or annual bentgrass.
 18. The method according toclaim 1, wherein the fungal pathogen is a fungus that causes bentgrassdead spot or bermudagrass dead spot in a turfgrass.
 19. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein boscalid is applied to the plant at a ratefrom about 0.02 to about 0.12 oz per 1000 square feet.
 20. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the paraffinic oil is applied to the plantat a rate from about 0.9 to about 32 oz/1000 square ft.